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Biology > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Define health

A

A complete mental state of physical, mental and social well-being and being free of disease

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2
Q

What does being healthy mean

A

-being active
-good diet
-free of diseases

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3
Q

What is a pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protist

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5
Q

What is bacteria

A

Reproduces rapidly (every 20 mins)
Releases toxins making us feel ill

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of bacteria

A

Tuberculosis- (mycobacterium and m. Bovis)
~ affects many parts of the body
~kills cells and tissues - affects mostly the lungs

Meningitis -( streptococcus pneumonia)
~ infection of the meninges (membranes that surround brain and spinal cord)
~ membranes become swollen and causes nerve damage

Ring rot- in plants- (clavibacter michiganensis)
~ ring of decay in vascular tissue in tomato and potato
~ leaf wilting

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7
Q

What is a virus

A

Invades cell and burst out of them infecting healthy ones

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of a virus

A

HIV- human immunodeficiency virus
~attacks cells in immune system

Influenza- family orthomyxoviridae
~attacks respiratory system and causes headaches and muscle pain

Tobacco mosaic virus - tobacco mosaic virus
~ caused discolouration of leaves (in mosaic pattern)

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9
Q

What is fungi

A

Lives in skin of animals
Hyphae grows to surface and releases spores = red and itchy
In plants = vascular tissue

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10
Q

3 examples of fungi

A

Black Sigatoka- in bananas (mycosphaerella fiji ensis)
~ causes leaf spots on banana
-reducing yield

Ringworm (cattle) - tricophyton verrucosum
~growth of fungus in skin with spores erupting through skin to cause a rash

Athletes foot (tricophyton rub rum)
~ growth under skin of feet especially between toes

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11
Q

What is a protist

A

It enters host cell and feeds on their contents while it grows

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of protist

A

Blight (potato or tomato) - phytophthara infestans
~ affects potato tubers and leaves

Malaria - plasmodium
~ parasite in blood that causes headache and fevers
~ can progress to comas and death

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13
Q

What is the life cycle of a pathogen

A

-Transmission- travels from host to host
-enters host tissues
-reproduces
-leaves host tissues

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14
Q

What is DIRECT transmission between animals - physical contact and factors affecting it

A

-touching infected person
-contaminated surface
E.g HIV, meningitis, ringworm

Factors affecting it
-wash hands regularly
-keep surfaces clean
-use condoms

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15
Q

DIRECT transmission between animals - faecal-oral transmission and factors affecting this

A

-Usually by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food
E.g cholera, food poisoning

Factors affecting it;
-treatment of drinking water
-thorough washing of fresh food

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16
Q

DIRECT transmission- droplet infection and factors affecting it

A

-pathogen carried in tiny water droplets in air
E.g influenza, tuberculosis

Factors affecting this transmission
- catch it- bin it- kill it
-cover mouth when coughing or sneezing

17
Q

DIRECT transmission- Transmission by spores

A
  • carried in air
  • or carried by soil or on surfaces

Factors affecting this is
- wear masks
- wash skin after contact with soil

18
Q

Other factors affecting transmission - social

A

-Overcrowding
-poor health
-poor ventilation

19
Q

Indirect transmission in animals

A

Vector
- pathogen uses another organism to enter primary host

20
Q

give 2 Transmission ways of PLANT pathogens

A

-Fungi spores - carried in wind - airborne transmission
-Pathogens present in soil infects plant by roots

21
Q

Indirect transmission of PLANT pathogens

A

Insect attack - insects attack infected plant then attacks another plant

22
Q

What do Passive defences include

A

Physical barriers and chemicals

23
Q

Give examples of physical defences

A
  • cellulose cell wall- physical barrier and has lots of chemicals
    -callose- in sieve tubes- blocks flow so can stop pathogen spreading
    -stomatal closure- when pathogen is detected guard cell closes stomata
24
Q

Chemical defences

A

-Menthols - produced by mint- which is an e.g of terpenoids (oils with antibacterial properties)
-Alkaloids such as caffeine and morphine which is bitter prevents herbivores eating them
-phenols such as tannin interfere with digestion thus inhibiting insects from attacking the plant

25
Q

Primary defences are non specific, what is non specific defences

A

Prevent entry of any pathogen

26
Q

What are the primary defences (skin)

A

Skin
-acts as physical barrier blocking pathogens from entry
-also acts as a chemical barrier

27
Q

Another defence (mucous membranes)

A

-Secrete mucous to trap pathogens
-contains anti microbial enzymes

28
Q

Blood clotting

A

-plug wounds to stop entry of pathogens
-platelets are exposed to damaged blood vessels
-clot prevents bleeding
-also forms a scab

29
Q

Inflammation

A

-swelling, pain and heat
-by tissue damage- releases molecules and starts to leak fluid (swelling)
-molecules cause vasodilation increasing blood flow to area and brings white blood cells

30
Q

Expulsive reflexes

A

-Sneezing and coughing
-mucous membranes are irritated in nostrils
-sneezing/coughing is an attempt to get rid of foreign objects

31
Q

Wound repair

A

Skin repairs itself in injuries
-uses collagen to repair
-surface is repaired by layer of skin dividing

32
Q

What are antigens

A

-Molecules on the surface of cells
-when a pathogen enters the body the antigen on it is foreign so it initiates a body response

33
Q

Fill in the gaps
1.Immune system involves - - - and - - - stages
2.The specific response is - - - aimed at specific pathogens
3.it involves white blood cells called - - - and - - - lymphocytes

A

1.Specific and non specific
2.Antigen specific
3. T and B

34
Q

Stage 1: Steps of phagocytosis

A

-phagocyte recognises the antigens on a pathogen
-phagocyte engulfs the pathogens (made easier by opsonins)
-it is now contained in a phagosome
-lysosome fuses either the phagosome and enzymes breakdown the pathogen
-the phagocyte then presents the pathogens antigens
~it sticks the antigens on its surface to activate other immune system cells

35
Q

What is opsonins

A

Chemicals that bind to foreign cells making it easier for phagocytes to recognise

36
Q

What is stage 2: phagocytes activating T lymphocytes

A

-

Biology (4 decks)

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