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Biology > Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Classification And Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is classification

A

Putting things into groups

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2
Q

What is taxonomy

A

Is the science of systematic classification
- classes organisms in taxa

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3
Q

What are the 8 taxas

A

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

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4
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relationships

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5
Q

Phylogenetic classification

A

Reflects evolutionary relationships
-more closely related 2 organisms are the more and smaller taxa they share

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6
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryota, protoctista, fungi, plant and animal

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7
Q

What is the Scientific naming of a species

A

-Binomial name (which includes:)
Genus name (capital letters)
Unique species name (lowercase)

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8
Q

What are the 2 rues for handwriting and typing species name

A

In handwriting- must be underlined
In typing- must be in italics

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9
Q

How were kingdoms found

A

-better microscopes
-biochemistry

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10
Q

Who was the 3 domain system proposed by and what is it for

A

Carl woese
- classifies organisms on the basis of differences in there rRNA
-allows to see differences between any 2 organisms

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11
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

-archae
-bacteria
-eucarya

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12
Q

What are the reasons behind the 3 domain system

A

-bacteria and archaea are fundamentally different
-archaea is more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria
- they have different cell membranes and flagella structures and different enzymes for synthesising RNA

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13
Q

What is the problem with classifying organisms by characteristics

A

Convergent evolution
- 2 unrelated species could adapt to the same environment so look similar

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14
Q

What is cytochrome C and what is it for

A

Haem protein found in mitochondria
- is small sequence of amino acids
- if sequence is similar 2 organisms are closely related
- the more differences found the less closely related

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15
Q

An example of amino acid sequence found in cytochrome c

A

It is identical for humans and chimpanzees (so more closely related together)

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16
Q

What is DNA and what is it for

A

-Found in all living organisms
-Provides genetic code
-The more similar the sequence the more closely related the species

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17
Q

What is variation

A

Differences that occur within same species and between different species

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of variation

A

Interspecific- between species
Intraspecific- within same species

19
Q

What are the 2 causes of variation within a species

A

Genetic variation- caused by differences between individual genes (can be passed onto offspring)

Environmental variation- brought by the influence of the environment on the way they grow and develop (cannot be inherited)

*evolution only concerned with genetic variation.

20
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation

A

Independent assortment!
-random fertilisation gives new combinations of alleles

Mutations:
-may create new alleles
-is heritable
-mutations in gamete forming cells are passed onto offspring

21
Q

What is continuous variation

A

Individuals showing gradual change from one to another with no distinct types

22
Q

How is continuous variation done

A

-It’s polygenic
-By the interaction of many different genes
-Huge number of different allele combinations

23
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

When individuals are clearly divided into distinct types with no overlapping or merging

24
Q

How is discontinuous variation done

A

-Small number of different alleles combinations
-Affected by one of few genes

25
Q

What is adaptation

A

Any variation that helps an organism survive

26
Q

What are the 3 different types of adaptations

A

-anatomical- structure of organisms
-behavioural- behaviour enhancing survival
-physiological- biochemistry- function of cell processes

27
Q

Give anatomical adaptations of marram grass

A

~long roots- plant can reach underground
~leaves are curled- reduces SA exposed to wind so moisture can build up inside
~waxy cuticle- reduces evaporation of water
~lower epidermis covered in hair- air movement reduced so water stays inside

28
Q

Give behavioural adaptations of marram grass

A

~When covered by sand it grows more quickly to reach sunlight
~responds to water shortage by rolling leaf more tightly

29
Q

Physiological adaptations of marram grass

A

~ has many lignified cells to provide support when water is not available
~ can survive in salty conditions so maintains cell water potential lower than other plants

30
Q

Behavioural adaptation of earthworm

A

Quickly contracts when touched and goes back into burrow-
has no eyes

31
Q

What are Darwin’s observations

A
  • all living organisms over produce
    -organism within a species vary
  • some of these variations are inherited
32
Q

Overproduction

A

Environmental factors can keep numbers down these may be biotic or abiotic

33
Q

What is biotic factors and give examples

A

Living organisms
E,g - predators, prey animals

34
Q

What is abiotic factors and give examples

A

Non living factors
E.g sunlight, water, grass

35
Q

What is selection pressure

A

Evolutionary force that causes a particular organism to be more favourable in certain environmental conditions

36
Q

E.g of selection pressure

A

Predation of foxes
-increases chance of variation being passed onto offspring and decreases chance of others
-this is natural selection
-organisms with best adapted characteristics will pass it down

37
Q

How does natural selection occur

A
  • mutation in allele
    -causes intraspecific variation
    -when resources are scarce in environment selection pressure occurs
    -advantageous individuals survive
    -they pass on these characteristics and next generation has successful traits
38
Q

What is a species

A

Group of organisms that can interbreed producing fertile offspring

39
Q

What is Speciation

A

Formation of a new species

40
Q

What is needed for speciation to occur

A

Populations must be isolated from each other

41
Q

What is Allopatric speciation

A

Population becomes separated form the rest by a geographical or physical barrier

42
Q

What does differing selection pressure do to separate populations

A

Makes them genetically different so can’t breed with each other again

43
Q

What is sympatric speciation

A

When populations become separate by reproductive barriers

44
Q

Give 2 evidence for evolution

A

-fossils
~ shows old species and new risen ones

-biological molecules
~2 closely related species will have similar bio molecules and would’ve separated only recently

Biology (4 decks)

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