communicabel diseases (infection and response) Flashcards
what are the two examples of viral diseases
measles
HIV
what are the two examples of bacterial diseases
salmonella
gonorrhoea
what is an example of a protist disease
malaria
what are the symptoms of measles
fever and red skin
how is measles spread
inhalation of droplets via coughing and sneezing
how is measles prevented
vaccination
symptoms of HIV
flu like illness
how does HIV work
virus attacks body’s immune cells
how is HIV spread
sexual contact or other exchange of bodily fluids
how is HIV treated
antiretroviral drugs
how is salmonella spread
via bacteria ingested in food
how does salmonella work
bacteria secrete toxins
symptoms of salmonella
vomiting
diarrhoea
fever
cramps
how is salmonella prevented
poultry vaccination
how is gonorrhoea spread
via sexual contact
symptoms of gonorrhoea
thick yellow or green discharge from penis/vagina
pain when urinating
how is gonorrhoea prevented
condom use
antibiotics
symptoms of malaria
recurrent fever
how to prevent malaria
preventing mosquito breeding
mosquito nets
how does malaria work
mosquito bites human
malaria cells injected
migrate to human liver
cells replicate (mitosis)
burst out of liver into blood
enter red blood cells
make millions of sex cells and burst out of red blood cells
causes fever
how is skin a human defence system
continually shedding layer
produces secretions to destroy pathogens
how are the lungs a human defence system
trachea secretes mucus which traps pathogens
how is the stomach a human defence system
hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in mucus and food/drink
how does phagocytosis work
phagocytes engulf the microbes
break them down once they are inside the cell
how does antibody production work
lymphocyte releases an antibody
attaches to the site of the microbe
destroys it
how does antitoxin production work
release antitoxins
neutralises toxins and renders them harmless
how do vaccinations work
small amounts of dead or weakened/inactive pathogens are put into body
stimulates production of antibodies and memory cells
stored and can be mass produced of actual pathogen enters
what do painkillers do
relieve symptoms
limitations of painkillers
don’t cure
still have to wait for immune system to kill pathogens
what do antibiotics do
cure bacterial diseases
(kill infective bacteria)
how do antibiotics work
interact with cell wall of bacteria
bacteria burst + is destroyed
limitations of antibiotics
can’t kill viral pathogens
bacteria are becoming resistant
what is digitalis formed from
foxgloves
what is aspirin formed from
willow
what is penicillin formed from
penicillium mould
what are the three stages of pre clinical drug testing
computer modelling
testing on cells/tissues
testing on animals
what are the three stages of clinical drug testing
small number of healthy patients
small number of sick patients
large number of sick patients
