Commonly forgotten Flashcards

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1
Q

what is degenerate code?

advantage?

A

most codons (triplet) code for more than one amino acid. it lessens the chance of deleterious mutations as codon will code for same thing

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2
Q

what is non-overlapping code?

advantage?

A

codons are separate.

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3
Q

what is an anticodon?

A

the three complementary bases on the tRNA (NOT mRNA)

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4
Q

why is code not overlapping?

A

in overlapping code, a mutation that changed one base would lead to the changing of three consecutive amino acids in the protein sequence

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5
Q

what is each strand of DNA called during protein synthesis?

A
  • template strand (one which is read by RNA polymerase)
  • coding strand (strand whose base sequence is identical to the base sequence of the RNA transcript produced- although with thymine replaced by uracil)
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6
Q

what elements do lipids comprise of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur (others)

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7
Q

what elements do carbohydrates comprise of?

A

only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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8
Q

what elements do proteins comprise of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, all proteins contain nitrogen and sulfur atoms, phosphorus (others)

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9
Q

what does semi-conservative mean?

A
  • each strand acts as a template for the new strand

- new contains one old one new

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10
Q

where are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A
  • near end of G1
  • end of G2
  • end of mitosis
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11
Q

what are glycolipids and glycoproteins?

A

BOTH CARBOHYDRATES.
glycolipid attached to PHOSPHOLIPID
glycoprotein attached to MEMBRANE PROTEIN

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12
Q

how much cholesterol will a cell that functions at high temperatures have?

A

a lot.

to keep the membrane rigid (attractions between cholesterol and phospholipids)

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13
Q

properties of ATP?

A
  • universal energy store
  • small
  • water-soluble
  • bonds with intermediate (enough) energy
  • easily regenerated
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14
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

chromatin condenses so chromosomes become visible, nucleolus disintegrates, mitotic spindle formation begins and chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres by centromeres.

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15
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes align along the metaphase plate along the spindle fibres

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16
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

chromosomes are separated by a structure called the mitotic spindle and pulled to opposite poles of cell

17
Q

ATP formation equation?

A

ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi + energy

18
Q

what happens BEFORE mitosis?

A

cell grows in size, DNA replicated (double in number)

19
Q

G1 checkpoint checks for?

A
  • cell size
  • nutrients
  • DNA damage
  • growth factors
20
Q

G2 checkpoint checks for?

A
  • cell size
  • DNA damage
  • DNA replicated
21
Q

Spindle assembly checkpoint checks for?

A
  • chromosomes attached to spindle fibers