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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

A eukaryote is a cell that contains its genetic information enclosed in a nucleus. Typically animal and plant cells.

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2
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

A prokaryote is a microscopic organism which contains no distinct nucleus, and has free DNA, and no membrane bound organelles.

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3
Q

What is in eukaryotes that isn’t in prokaryotes?

A

Nucleus, membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A specialised vesicle.

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of a lysosome?

A

Structure- no sub organelle, fluid-filled sac

Function- contains hydrologic enzymes, digests invading pathogens ALSO digests worn out components of cell (“suicide-sack”)

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6
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nuclear envelope

A

Structure- double membrane and contains pores

Function- pores control what enters and leaves nucleus

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7
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nucleolus

A

Structure- contains RNA, ribosomal DNA and ribosomal proteins

Function- produces ribosomes, contains

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8
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nucleus

A

Structure- made of chromatin (a complex structure composed of DNA and proteins called histones) , chromatin coils to form chromosomes

Function- controls cells activities

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of ribosomes

A

Structure- float free in the cytoplasm OR rough ER, made of two subunits and proteins and RNA

Function- site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

It is a membrane bound organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes, and is the site of respiration.

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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of the rough ER

A

Structure – fluid filled sac surrounded by a membrane studied with ribosomes
Function – processes and fold proteins

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER)

A

Structure- membranes enclosing fluid filled sacs

Function- synthesis and processes lipids and carbohydrates

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13
Q

Describe and explain the structure/functional of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Structure – membrane enclosed flattened sacs
- vesicles at edge for transportation

Function - processes and packages proteins and lipids and sends them off to vesicles to be secreted, makes lysosomes

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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of the vesicle

A

S- fluid filled sac

F- transports substances in and out of cells via plasma membrane

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15
Q

What are the 4 parts of mitochondria?

A

Outer / inner membrane
Cristal
Matrix

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16
Q

Describe the structure and function of the mitochondria

A

S- double membrane

  • highly folded by cristae TO INCREASE S.A
  • matrix contains enzymes for respiration

F- site of respiration
- contains maternal DNA

17
Q

What are the parts of chloroplasts?

A
  • double membrane
  • granum / grana
  • stroma
  • lamellae
18
Q

Describe the structure and function of the chloroplast

A

S — double membrane
- thylakoids membranes stacked up called grana
-grana connected by pieces of thylakoid membrane called lamellae
F — site of photosynthesis = some in grana, some in thick liquid called stroma

19
Q

What do chloroplasts, like mitochondria, contain?

A

DNA, and contain ribosomes in stroma

20
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cell wall.

A

Structure - cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in prokarytotes, chitin in fungi
Function- keeps cell TURGUD, keeps cell UPRIGHT, prevents cell BURSTING.

21
Q

Describe the structure and function plasma membrane.

A

Structure - Phospholipid bilayer, with integral proteins

Function - regulates movement of substances in and out of cell

22
Q

What is it called when organelles in a cell work together to carry out a specific function? Give example.

A

Division of Labour

protein synthesis

23
Q

Describe the structure and function of the centriole

A

Structure- small hollow cylinders made opus of microtubules

Function- involved in separation of chromosomes in cell division

24
Q

Describe the process of protein synthesis inside a cell, how do the organelles work together?

A

,

25
Q

How do vesicles transport substance out of the cell membrane ?

A

They fuse with the plasma membrane

26
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of protein fibres, actin filaments and microtubules within the cytoplasm.

28
Q

What are the three types of protein fibres in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate Fibres

29
Q

Describe the structure and function of microfilaments?

A

Structure— contractile fibres made up of protein called actin
Function— responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis

30
Q

Describe the structure and function of microtubules

A

Structure— globular tubulin proteins

Function— act as track for vesicles, also polymerise to forms spindle fibres

31
Q

Describe the structure and function of intermediate fibres

A

Structure— various proteins

Function— mechanical strength to cell, and maintains cells integrity (togetherness of organelles/ otherwise fall apart)

32
Q

Name four things secreted by the cell into the blood

A

-insulin
-collagen
-mucus
-enzymes
etc.

33
Q

How do the structures of microfilaments and microtubules allow them to be involved in the movement of cells but intermediate fibres are not?

A

Microfilaments are composed of acting which is contractile. Microtubules have tubal in which polymerises and this leads to a change in length of the filament and results in movement of cells. Intermediate fibres have fixed lengths for stability.

34
Q

Name different types of staining

A

Differential staining

immuno staining

35
Q

Describe the purpose of differential staining

A

A dye or stain is used to differentiate one component or cellular structure from another

36
Q

Why is staining used in microscopy?

A

Staining provides contrast as different organelles absorb stain differently.

37
Q

Suggest why all measurements should be converted into the same units before calculation

A

– Simplifies the calculation

– reduces errors

38
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

— necessary for the shape and stability of the cell
— controls cell movement and movement of the cells organelles (track)
— provides mechanical support

Biology (25 decks)

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