Common Neonatal Problems Flashcards
A blood disorder that occurs when the foal’s immune system attacks its own red blood cells.
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)
Foals are prone to infections of the umbilical stump, which can cause swelling, redness, and discharge.
Umbilical infections
Foals can develop this due to various causes, such as infection, poor diet, or stress.
Diarrhea
Foals can develop this due to bacteria, viruses, or other agents.
Respiratory infections
A condition that affects the joints of young foals, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness
Joint ill
Some foals may be born with _____, such as heart defects, limb abnormalities, or developmental problems.
Congenital defects
Foals may be born weak, which can be due to various causes, including poor nutrition, disease, or genetics.
Weak foal syndrome
A common digestive problem in horses of all ages, including foals, that can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and other symptoms.
Colic
Neonatal diseases usually starts with ____
depression
T/F: Room air >100% oxygen is ideal
F. not recommended
100% oxygen leads to _____
metabolic problems
Example of drugs which increases inotropic effects; thus increasing cardiac contractility
epinephrine, dopamine
example of a respiratory stimulant
caffeine
Many neonatal problems originate _____
in utero
primary stimulant for initiation of parturition
Cortisol
premature foals are usually ____ days
< 320
term used if born at the correct date, but not fully developed
dysmature
term used if the foal is retained too long in utero
postmature
T/F: it is ideal to feed mares fescue pastures (Epichloe coenophiala; Neotyphodium coenophialum)
F. May cause dysmature foals
T/F: It is ideal for foals to have thin silky hair coat and thick placenta
F. these are signs of prematurity
what is the normal vulval conformation?
vertical
a condition where the upper part of the vulva is tilted
pneumovagina
8 drugs used for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Foals
Low dose Epinephrine,
High dose Epinephrine,
Lidocaine,
Bretylium,
Atropine,
Calcium chloride (CaCl),
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3),
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
fungus infecting the grass that causes abortion
Acremonium coenophialum
fescue poisoning may lead to
dysmature foals
T/F: The placenta should not be more than 10% of the
weight of the foal
F. 20%
possible cause if the placenta is more than 20% of the weight of the foal
inflammatory reaction or infection (Due to inflammatory cells infiltrating the placenta)
T/F: cause of respiratory failure is usually surfactant deficiency
F. not usually
T/F: during respiratory failure, death usually occurs within 24 hours
F. 48 hours
T/F: It is suggested to consume colostrum within 1 hour after birth
F. 30 mins. after birth
T/F: maximum absorption of colostrum happens within the first 48 hours
F. first 12 hours
pinocytosis (i.e., cellular drinking) of antibodies
Fetal enterocytes
T/F: in managing Neonatal Maladjustment
Syndrome, the IV fluid must be hypotonic to prevent causing any metabolic problems; replace lost electrolytes
F. isotonic
T/F: in the management of Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome, 100% O2 is given nasally
T
T/F: Neomycin is hepatotoxic, and must never be used in managing Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome
F. Nephrotoxic (monitor kidney function); May be used since it is broadspectrum
T/F: Severe symptoms of dummy foals include nursing inanimate objects (e.g., walls)
F. considered a mild symptom only
other terms for Dummy Foal Syndrome (3 answers)
Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (NMS),
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE),
Neonatal encephalopathy
T/F: ~85% could recover from dummy foal syndrome without extensive medical
treatment
F. ~70%
a neurosteroid secreted by the foal
allopregnanolone
T/F: neonatal Maladjustment syndrome is usually seen more in natural births
F. in CS and very rapid deliveries
a neurologic sign that is pathognomonic of NMS
loss of suckling reflex
T/F: in NMS, it is normal to find (laboratory radiography) a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung
T. also termed as Atelectasis
Lack of colostral intake makes foal susceptible to _________ (2 words)
neonatal septicemia
an example of Anti-inflammatory drug used for the Tx of Dummy Foal Syndrome
Banamine
a chemical given as Tx for DFS that Prevents free radicals → prevents further brain damage
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
ideal amount of IV fluid
1g/kg
T/F: Severe DFS cases require intubation to control seizures
F. require drugs
drugs used to control seizures (6 answers)
Phenobarbitone,
primidone,
phenytoin,
diazepam,
dexamethasone,
20% mannitol
preferred bedding for foals
straw
______ (3 words) in cases of right-to-left shunting of blood due to atelectatic areas of the lungs or PDA
Positive pressure ventilation
procedure that utilizes a simple rope harness in foal’s abdomen and mimic pressure normally experience in the birth canal; via a knot that you can tighten
Madigan Foal Squeeze Procedure
a newborn foal’s first manure and is composed of intestinal secretions and fluid ingested by the foal while in utero
meconium
meconium passed from ___ to ___ hours
4 to 48 hrs
occurs when meconium is not passed in first 12 hours
meconium impaction
_____ months already have fecal output in the
amnion which can accumulate
11-12
T/F: Colostrum contains lubricants
T
T/F: Tail swishing is a clinical sign of Dummy Foal Syndrome
F. a clinical sign of Meconium impaction
if the amniotic fluid is dehydrated, it becomes___
hard/ concrete
may be used if the obstruction (meconium impaction) is not near the anus, cannot be palpated, and you want to determine its exact location
Radiographs (x-ray)
oz of mineral oil as Tx for high impaction in horses
4-6 oz
A surfactant that may loosen impaction (Tx for meconium impaction)
10 mL 5% dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
The most important neonatal disease as it leads to death of foals
neonatal septicemia
normal HR of adult horses
28-40 bpm
a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung
Atelectasis
