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VMED 161: Equine Med > 7. Colic > Flashcards

7. Colic Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Colic is a disease also known as abdominal pain

A

F. not a disease, rather a symptom

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2
Q

what causes the death of bacteria that leads to endotoxemia?

A

High amount of CHO ingestion

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3
Q

horse inactivity may cause ____ leading to ____

A

motility problems, colic

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4
Q

how is pregnancy a predisposing factor of colic?

A

possible: a. uterine torsion, b. excessive stool in uterus

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5
Q

T/F: Stress is a predisposing factor of Colic

A

T. especially stress due to transportation

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6
Q

A specific disease associated with the use of NSAIDs, specifically phenylbutazone

A

Right dorsal colitis (RDC)

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7
Q

a disease characterized by ischemic infarctions of the bowel

A

verminous arteritis

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8
Q

2 approaches to colic:

A
  1. management
  2. surgery
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9
Q

a type of colic caused when a fatty tumor gets wrapped around a portion of the small intestine

A

Strangulating lipoma

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10
Q

T/F: Strangulating lipoma is usually seen on foals

A

F. the tumors take years to develop, thus it is more likely to be found on horses 14 y/o and above

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11
Q

this happens when there is failure to evacuate sufficient quantities of meconium

A

Meconium impaction

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12
Q

the first feces passed by the newborn foal

A

Meconium

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13
Q

what impaction causes foals to die suddenly

A

Ascarid impaction

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14
Q

large horses are predisposed to this type of colic

A

nephrosplenic entrapment (left dorsal displacement)

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15
Q

miniature horses are predisposed to this type of colic

A

Small colon impaction

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16
Q

Related to feed impactions

A

Feed and Water

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17
Q

Most horses stop eating during ____ colic

A

acute

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18
Q

in ___ colic, there is an intermittent eating pattern

A

chronic

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19
Q

What happens to the body temperature of horses during severe colic?

A

becomes elevated

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20
Q

____ affects degree of pain

A

Heart rate

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21
Q

normal HR of Thoroughbreds

A

20-40 bpm

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22
Q

HR during mild colic

A

50-60 bpm

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23
Q

HR during moderate colic

A

70-80 bpm

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24
Q

HR during severe colic

A

higher than 80 bpm

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25
Q

T/F: intermittent pawing is a behavioral sign of colic

A

T

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26
Q

2 very common signs of colic

A

pawing, rolling

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27
Q

T/F: horses with fever or signs of depression rather than overt pain will have a disorder requiring surgical rather than medical therapy

A

F. …requiring medical rather than surgical therapy

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28
Q

T/F: Pulse rate is indirectly proportional to lesion and prognosis

A

F. the higher the pulse rate, the worse the lesion and prognosis

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29
Q

T/F: pulse rate is an indicator of severity, and is very helpful in making diagnosis

A

F. not usually helpful in making a diagnosis

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30
Q

Heart rate is related to: (3 answers)

A

a. pain
b. vascular volume
c. cardiovascular response to endotoxemia

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31
Q

T/F. RR is always elevated with abdominal pain

A

T

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32
Q

T/F: Elevated RR may cause respiratory alkalosis

A

F. respiratory acidosis

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33
Q

Greater than 3 seconds CRT may mean that the ____ is compromised

A

cardiovascular

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34
Q

T/F: A brick red color of the mucus membrane is normal

A

F. Pink is normal; Brick red = endotoxemia

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35
Q

T/F: drugs like atropine, xylazine, butorphanol, and detomidine enhance the sound created during auscultation

A

F. reduces the sound

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36
Q

noise that indicates abnormal bowel motility

A

Borborygmi

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37
Q

Borborygmi sounds are stronger on what sides of the colon? (2 answers)

A

a. left dorsal
b. left ventral

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38
Q

the left flank creates sounds similar to

A

crumpling of paper

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39
Q

the right area of the horse creates a sound similar to

A

dripping water

40
Q

An increased sound during auscultation indicates that there is a possible ____

A

inflammation

41
Q

A decreased sound during auscultation indicates that there is a possible ____

A

feed impaction

42
Q

Performed during auscultation to find pockets of gas

A

percussion

43
Q

Percussion can detect ____ on the right side

A

cecal tympany

44
Q

Percussion can detect ____ on the left side

A

large colon distention or displacement

45
Q

indicated for most if not all cases of colic

A

Nasogastric Intubation

46
Q

T/F: Nasogastric Intubation should be immediately done if the pulse is greater than 40

A

F. greater than 60

47
Q

nasogastric intubation is usually done if there is ___ obstruction

A

cranial: stomach or upper small intestines

48
Q

normal color of stomach/ SI contents

A

green

49
Q

normal pH of stomach/ SI contents

A

3-6

50
Q

Large acidic volumes collected during Nasogastric intubation may indicate ___ or _____

A

pyloric or duodenal blockage

51
Q

yellow-brown color with fetid odor and pH 6-8 contents collected during nasogastric intubation may indicate ____

A

small intestinal blockage

52
Q

Considered the most helpful diagnostic procedure and aid in determining the diagnosis and need for surgery

A

Rectal examination

53
Q

Gauge of needle usually used in abdominal paracentesis

A

18 G

54
Q

site of abdominal paracentesis

A

ventral midline

55
Q

T/F: It is very important to perform rectal palpation right after abdominal paracentesis

A

F. must be done BEFORE (Rectal palpation FIRST!)

56
Q

normal color and nature of peritoneal fluid

A

clear, straw colored, serous, and does not coagulate

57
Q

What is the normal range for peritoneal fluid total protein?

A

less than 2.5 g/dL

58
Q

what is the normal value of cells in peritoneal fluid?

A

less than 5,000 nucleated cells/ml

59
Q

a peritoneal fluid that is orange to serosanguineous

A

ischemic bowel with leakage through capillaries

60
Q

large volumes of dark brown or green fluid, feed, mineral oil, sand collected during abdominal paracentesis may indicate ____

A

rupture

61
Q

a cloudy and opaque fluid collected during abdominal paracentesis indicates

A

large numbers of WBC

62
Q

A greater than 10 mg/dL fibrinogen protein collected from abdominal paracentesis may indicate

A

acute inflammation

63
Q

presence of bacteria on the peritoneal fluid collected during abdominal paracentesis indicates

A

poor prognosis

64
Q

the peritoneal fluid can increase in volume and protein content due to lymphatic or venous obstruction

A

Displaced or strangulated bowel

65
Q

increase in WBC and protein content without an increase in rbc/Hb.

A

Iatrogenic, abdominal abscesses or thromboembolism

66
Q

increased WBCs, protein and fecal material.

A

Ruptured bowel

67
Q

red cells and hemoglobin are present in the fluid due to vascular occlusion

A

Necrotic bowel

68
Q

No changes in peritoneal fluid

A

Obstruction of bowel without vascular strangulation or necrosis

69
Q

increased numbers of RBCs plus increased WBC count of the fluid.

A

Strangulation

70
Q

Helps determine dehydration, sepsis, infection, electrolyte imbalances

A

Hematology and Blood Chemistry

71
Q

T/F: Hematology and Blood Chemistry alone is enough to have a diagnosis and prognosis

A

F. not definitive

72
Q

T/F: Ultrasonography in horses in not routinely done

A

T

73
Q

Ultrasonography in horses can be done in two ways:

A

a. rectum/ transrectal
b. external

74
Q

This procedure can be used to locate blockages, gas, enteroliths, sand, etc.

A

radiography

75
Q

T/F: Radiography is best for use in thoroughbreds and other large horses

A

F. best for use in foals and other small horses

76
Q

Procedure that is best for diagnosing gastric ulcers

A

Endoscopy

77
Q

this decompression technique stimulates intestinal motility

A

“trailer-ride” cure

78
Q

considered the safest, non-hallucinogenic NSAID used for the Tx of colic

A

Flunixin

79
Q

An Opioid agonist used for the Tx of Colic that is considered hallucinogenic

A

Butorphanol

80
Q

3 opioid agonists:

A
  1. Oxymorphone
  2. Meperidine
  3. Butorphanol
81
Q

3 NSAIDs:

A
  1. phenylbutazone (Bute)
  2. Flunixin
  3. Metamizole (dipyrone)
82
Q

A common but expensive alpha2 agonist

A

Xylazine

83
Q

2 Alpha2 agonists

A

Xylazine, Detomidine

84
Q

2 sedatives:

A
  1. Chloral hydrate
  2. Barbiturates
85
Q

A spasmolytic that can cause colic due to ileus

A

Atropine

86
Q

A spasmolytic that can relax the bowel wall

A

Scopolamine

87
Q

to maintain body water, electrolytes, acid-base balance, and osmolarity within physiologically tolerable limits

A

Fluid therapy

88
Q

Change the consistency of ingest and help evacuate intestine

A

Lubricants and Cathartics

89
Q

T/F: Fluid therapy can increase intraluminal water content

A

T

90
Q

fluid therapy is best administered via

A

indwelling catheter

91
Q

should be considered the first step in fluid replacement

A

Use of crystalloids or colloids

92
Q

should be considered the first step in fluid replacement

A

Use of crystalloids or colloids

93
Q

Most common consequence due to the increased permeability of injured GI mucosa to bacterial endotoxins

A

Anti-Endotoxemia

94
Q

Anti-Endotoxemia can lead to: (2 answers)

A
  1. laminitis
  2. pulmonary damage
95
Q

alkaline yellow fluid greater than 4 liters

A

gastric reflux

96
Q

distended small intestine, distended and displaced large colon, distention which cannot be medically treated, palpable foreign body

A

rectal exam

VMED 161: Equine Med (14 decks)

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