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Musculoskeletal system > Common musculoskeletal conditions > Flashcards

Common musculoskeletal conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Clavicle fracture: most common in who?

A

Children and as birth trauma

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2
Q

Clavicle fracture: cause?

A

Fall on outstretched hand or direct trauma to shoulder

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3
Q

Clavicle: weakest points?

A

At the junction of middle and lateral thirds

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4
Q

Clavicle: most common fractured segment?

A

Middle third

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5
Q

Clavicle fracture: presentation?

A

Shoulder drop, shortened clavicle

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6
Q

Why is the lateral fragment of a fractured clavicle depressed?

A

Arm weight

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7
Q

By what is the lateral fragment of a fractured clavicle medially rotated?

A

Arm adductor, e.g. pectoralis major, deltoid

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8
Q

What causes Guyon canal syndrome?

A

Compression of ulnar nerve at wrist
Fractured hook of Hamate

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9
Q

In who is Guyon canal syndrome classically seen?

A

Cyclist due to pressure on handlebars

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10
Q

Which syndrom is caused by compression of the ulnar nerve at the wrist?

A

Guyon canal syndrome

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11
Q

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel (between transverse carpal ligament and carpal bones)

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of CTS?

A

Paresthesia, pain, numbness in distribution of median nerve

Thenar eminance athropy

Sensation spared

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13
Q

Why is sensation spared in CTS?

A

Palmar cutaneous branch enters hand external to carpal tunnel

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14
Q

What syndrome is caused by entrapment of median nerve between transverse carpal ligament and carpal bones?

A

CTS

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15
Q

What is the Tinel sign?

A

Percussion of wrist causes tingling -> CTS

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16
Q

What is the Phalen maneuver?

A

90 degrees flexion of wrist 1>min causes tingling -> CTS

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17
Q

How to test for CTS?

A

Tinel and Phalen

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18
Q

What is CTS associated with?

A

Pregnancy (due to edema)
RA
Hypothyriodism
Diabetes
Acromegaly
Dialysis-related amyloidosis

Repetitive use

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19
Q

Metacarpal neck fracture (boxer’s fracture): cause?

A

Direct blow with a close fist (e.g. punching a wall)

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20
Q

Metacarpal neck fracture: in which metacarpal most common?

A

5th

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21
Q

What is most commonly caused by a direct blow with a close fist?

A

Metacarpal neck fracture or ‘boxer’s fracture’

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22
Q

Iliopsoas abscess: what is it?

A

Collection of pus in iliopsoas compartment

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23
Q

Iliopsoas abscess: cause?

A

Hematogenous spread or adjacent structures

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24
Q

From which adjacent structures can an iliopsoas abscess be caused?

A

Vertebral osteomyelitis
Tuberculous spondylitis (Pott’s disease)
Pyelonefritis

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25
Q

Iliopsoas abscess: associations?

A

Crohn, diabetes, immunocrompromised states

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26
Q

Iliopsoas abscess: which bacteria most commonly isolated?

A

S. Aureus, but also 2nd to TB

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27
Q

Iliopsoas abscess: findings?

A

Flank pain, fever, flank bulge, inguinal mass, positive psoas sign

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28
Q

Flank pain, fever, flank bulge, inguinal mass, positive psoas sign -> suggestive of what?

A

Iliopsoas abscess

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29
Q

What is a positive psoas sign?

A

Hip extension exacerbates lower abdominal pain

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30
Q

Iliopsoas abscess: lab findings?

A

Leukocytosis

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31
Q

Iliopsoas abscess: CT/MRI findings?

A

Focal hypodens (dark) lesion within the muscle plane

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32
Q

Iliopsoas abcess: treatment?

A

AB based on culture, CT-guided percutaneous drainage (PCD), or surgical drainage

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33
Q

What is and unhappy triad of the knee?

A

Damage to ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus (attached to MCL)

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34
Q

How is unhappy triad of knee commonly caused?

A

Lateral force impacting the knee when foot is planted on the ground (e.g. during contact sports)

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35
Q

Unhappy triad: presentation?

A

Acute pain and signs of joint instability

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36
Q

Prepatellar bursitis: what is it?

A

Inflammation of prepatellar bursa in front of the knee cap

37
Q

Prepatellar bursitis: cause?

A

Repetitive trauma or pressure from excessive kneeling (housemaid’s knee)

38
Q

Politeal cyst (Baker cyst): what is it?

A

Popliteal fluid collection, commonly communicating with synovial joint

39
Q

Popliteal cyst: in which bursa?

A

Gastrocnemius - semimembranosus

40
Q

Popliteal cyst: related to which diseases?

A

Chronic joint disease; e.g. osteoarthritis and RA

41
Q

Swelling in back of knee: what is this suggestive of?

A

Popliteal cyst/Bakers cyst

42
Q

Costochondritis: what is it?

A

Inflammation of costochondral of costosternal junctions (may be due to minor trauma)

43
Q

Costochondritis: presentation?

A

Pleuritic chest pain and focal tenderness to palpation

44
Q

What is pleuritic chest pain?

A

Sharp chest pain that worsens during breathing

45
Q

Costochondritis: in who is it more common?

A

Young females

46
Q

Costochondritis: treatment?

A

analgesics, stretching therapy

46
Q

What may costochondritis mimic?

A

MCI, pleuritis, PE

47
Q

Pleuritic chest pain and focal tenderness of costochondral and costosternal junctions to palpation: what can it be?

A

Costochondritis
DD MCI, PE, pleuritis

48
Q

De Quervain tenosynovitis: what is it?

A

Non-inflammatory thickening of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons

49
Q

De Quervain tenosynovitis: which test?

A

Finkelstein (pain at radial styloid with active/passive stretch of thumbs tendons)

50
Q

What is the Finkelstein test?

A

Active/passive stretch of thumbs tendons
Positive if pain at radial styloid

51
Q

Who is at increased risk of De Quervain tenosynovitis?

A

New mothers (lifting of baby)
Golfers
Racquet sport players
Thumb texters

52
Q

Positive Finkelstein test is suggestive of what?

A

De Quervain tenosynovitis

53
Q

What is non-inflammatory thickening of thumb tendons?

A

De Quervain tenosynovitis

54
Q

Pain at radial styloid is suggestive of what?

A

De Quervain tenosynovitis

55
Q

Dupuytren contracture: what is it?

A

Fibroblastic proliferation and thickening of superficial palmar fascia

56
Q

Fibroblastic proliferation and thickening of superficial palmar fascia: what is this?

A

Dupuytren contracture

57
Q

Which fascia are typically involved in Dupuytren contracture?

A

At the base of ring and little fingers

58
Q

Dupuytren contracture: in who most often seen?

A

Males >50 y/o from Northern European descendent

59
Q

Ganglion cyst: what is this?

A

Fluid-filled swelling overlying joint or tendon

60
Q

Fluid filled swelling overlying joint or tendon: what is this?

A

Ganglion cyst

61
Q

Where is ganglion cyst most commonly seen?

A

Dorsal side of wrist

62
Q

How does a ganglion cyst arise?

A

From herniation of dense connective tissue

63
Q

What is the natural course of a ganglion cyst?

A

Resolves spontaneously

64
Q

Iliotibial band syndrome: what is this?

A

Overuse injury of lateral knee, due to friction of iliotibial band against lateral femoral epicondyl

65
Q

Iliotibial band syndrome: in who occurs this mostly?

A

Runners

66
Q

Lateral knee pain in runners: what can it be?

A

Iliotibial band syndrome

67
Q

Limb compartment syndrome: pathofysiology?

A

Increased pressure in fascial compartment of a limb -> venous outflow obstruction and arteriolar collapse -> anoxia, necrosis and rhabdomyolisis -> acute tubular necrosis

68
Q

What is caused by increased pressure in a fascial compartment of a limb?

A

Limb compartment syndrome

69
Q

What can cause limb compartment syndrome?

A

Long bone fractures (e.g. tibia)
Reperfusion injury
Animal venom

70
Q

Limb compartment syndrome: presentation?

A

Severe pain and tense, swollen compartments with passive stretch

71
Q

5 Ps of Limb compartment syndrome?

A

Pulselessness, pain, palor, paresthesia, paralysis

72
Q

Limb compartment syndrome: late findings of irreversible muscle and nerve damage?

A

Increased serum creatine kinase, motor deficits

73
Q

Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints): pathophysiology?

A

Bone resorption that outpaces bone formation in tibial cortex

74
Q

Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splints): presentation?

A

Shin pain and diffuse tenderness

75
Q

Another name of medial tibial stress syndrome?

A

Shin splints

76
Q

Another name for shin splints?

A

Medial tibial stress syndrome

77
Q

Medial tibial stress syndrome: in who?

A

Runners and military recuits

78
Q

Shin pain and diffuse tenderness: suggestive of?

A

Medial tibial stress syndrome or shin splints

79
Q

Plantar fasciitis: what is it?

A

Inflammation of plantar aponeurosis characterized by heel pain and tenderness

80
Q

Plantar fasciitis: when is the heel pain worse?

A

After long periods of inactivity (first steps in the morning)

81
Q

Plantar fasciitis: associated with?

A

Obesity, prolonged standing or jumping (e.g. dancers, runners), and flat feet

82
Q

Plantar fasciitis: what does often co-exist?

A

Heel spurs

83
Q

Heel pain and tenderness, worse in the morning. What is this suggestive of?

A

Plantar fasciitis

84
Q

Temporomandibular disorders: what is it?

A

Group of disorder affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and muscles of mastification

85
Q

Temporomandibular disorders: associated with?

A

TMJ trauma
Poor head and neck posture
Abnormal trigeminal nerve processing
Psychological factors

86
Q

Temporomandibular disorders: presentation?

A

Dull, constant, unilateral facial pain

87
Q

Temporomandibular disorders: pain worsens with what?

A

Jaw movement, otalgia, headache, TMJ dysfunction (e.g. limited movement)

88
Q
A

Musculoskeletal system (17 decks)

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