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Head and Spine > Common Conditions (Spine) > Flashcards

Common Conditions (Spine) Flashcards

1
Q

Types of flexion compression injuries (Cx)

A
  • Wedge compression fracture
  • Anterior subluxation
  • Bilateral facet dislocation
  • Flexion teardrop fracture
  • Clay shoveler fracture
  • Anterior atlanto-axial dislocation
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2
Q

Types of flexion distraction injuries (Cx)

A
  • Unilateral facet dislocation
  • Bilateral facet dislocation
  • Posterior ligamentous complex injury
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3
Q

Types of flexion rotation injuries (Cx)

A
  • Unilateral facet dislocation

- Rotary atlanto-axial dislocation

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4
Q

Types of extension compression injuries (Cx)

A
  • Hyperextension sprain dislocation
  • Hyperextension fracture dislocation
  • Laminar fracture
  • Hangman fracture
  • Extension teardrop fracture
  • Avulsion horizontal fracture, anterior arch of C1
  • Fracture of the posterior arch of C1
  • Posterior atlanto-axial dislocation
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5
Q

Types of lateral flexion injuries

A
  • Unilateral fracture of the occipital condyle or lateral mass of C1
  • Eccentric fracture of the superior articular process of C2
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6
Q

Types of vertical compression/axial loading injuries

A
  • Jefferson fracture

- Burst fracture

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7
Q

Facet joint sprain aetiology

A
  • Trauma

- Repetitive, unaccustomed positions

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8
Q

Facet joint sprain SSx

A
  • Dull ache, sharp pain
  • Upper Cx: radiations to occiput, ear, face, temporal regions
  • Lower Cx: radiations to shoulder, suprascapular region
  • Reflex muscle spasm of paravertebral muscles & myofascial tenderness
  • Neck stiffness
  • Localised unilateral tenderness
  • Possible cervicogenic headache
  • Potential unsteadiness, light-headedness, visual disturbances
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9
Q

Whiplash SSx

A
  • Usually experienced within 6 hours
  • Neck pain
  • Radicular pain/radiculopathy
  • Neck stiffness
  • Headache (cervicogenic)
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10
Q

Non-traumatic acute cervical pain management approach

A
  1. Assess for red flags
  2. Determine duration of pain (acute, subacute, chronic)
  3. Determine nature of pain (nociceptive, neuropathic, somatic referred, visceral referred)
  4. Assess for yellow flags
  5. Plan your treatment
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11
Q

Burners/Stingers definition

A

Traumatic injury to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus or the 5th/6th Cx nerve roots

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12
Q

Burners/Stingers SSx

A
  • Transient burning-type pain
  • May radiate down arm
  • Associated numbness, paraesthetica or weakness in upper limb
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13
Q

Burners/Stingers management

A

Gentle exercise program (avoid aggravation of symptoms)

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14
Q

What is Cx spondylosis?

A

Cervical spondylosis is a general term for age-related wear and tear affecting the spinal disks in your neck. As the disks dehydrate and shrink, signs of osteoarthritis develop, including bony projections along the edges of bones (bone spurs).

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15
Q

Cx disc disruption aetiology

A
  • Trauma
  • Insidious onset
  • Degeneration
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16
Q

Cx disc disruption SSx

A
  • Constant, deep-seated, dull aching Cx pain

- Herniation can cause radiculopathy or even myelopathy

17
Q

What is acute torticollis?

A

A transient, acutely painful disorder with associated muscle spasm or variable intensity (AKA
acute wry neck)

18
Q

Acute torticollis SSx

A
  • Pain usually confined to neck
  • Lateral deformity
  • Cx dysfunction
19
Q

Traumatic Cx spine injury aetiology

A
  • Tissue disruption
  • Higher velocity or greater magnitude of force = greater risk of injury
  • Injuries at low velocity
20
Q

Traumatic Cx spine injury management

A
  • Imaging (Canadian or NEXUS rules)
  • Early mobilisation
  • Manual therapy preferred to collar
21
Q

CAD SSx

A
  • Severe, unilateral, sudden-onset headache – “thunderclap headache”
  • Unilateral neck or facial pain
  • Pain
  • Constant ache/throbbing/sharp pain (unlike anything previously experienced)
  • Horner’s syndrome
  • Cranial neuropathy
  • Upper/lower limb neurological symptoms
  • Pulsating tinnitus
22
Q

Lx disc injury aetiology

A
  • Major or minor trauma or overexertion
  • History of unaccustomed/prolonged physical activity
  • Speed of onset
23
Q

Lx disc injury SSx

A
  • Centralised or unilateral
  • Dull with sharp aggravations
  • Severe
  • Aggravated by sitting, prolonged standing, coughing, straining
  • Relieved by rest
  • Patient may present with a list
  • Lumbar motion restricted
  • Muscle spasm with marked tenderness
  • Radiculopathy
24
Q

Lx disc injury management

A
  • Education

- Exercise and mobility

25
Q

What is a Lx facet joint sprain?

A

Disruption of the facet joint capsule and/or associated ligaments

26
Q

Lx facet joint sprain SSx

A
  • Constant, unilateral, dull ache
  • Localised, sharp ‘catch’ on aggravation
  • Aggravated by ipsilateral movements
  • Associated muscle spasm
  • Radiculopathy or radicular pain
27
Q

Lx facet joint sprain management

A
  • Education
  • Pain control
  • Promotion of function restoration
  • Gentle mobilisation and soft tissue therapy
28
Q

Cause of spondylolysis

A

Repetitive loading of the pars

29
Q

Spondylolysis SSx

A
  • Gradual onset of LBP
  • Usually local, but may radiate
  • History of increased training
  • Minor ache to agony on aggravation
  • Usually settles when spine is not loaded
  • Tenderness and muscle spasm
30
Q

Spondylolysis management

A
  • Weeks 0-8 (fracture healing phase)
  • Weeks 9-16 (protected reloading phase)
  • Weeks 17 onwards (transition to return to full function and sport)
31
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

Displacement of part or all of one vertebra on another

32
Q

Spondylolisthesis aetiology

A
  • Isthmic (bilateral pars fracture)
  • Degeneration
  • Trauma
33
Q

Spondylolisthesis SSx

A
  • Commonly asymptomatic
  • Not predictive of LBP
  • With certain populations (athletic, occupational) it may become symptomatic
  • Usually gradual onset of LBP
  • Aggravated by extension and prolonged standing
  • Relieved by sitting
  • Increased lordosis and compensatory Tx kyphosis
  • Palpable ‘step-off’ corresponding to the slip (G2)
  • +/- neurological SSx depending on grade
34
Q

Spondylolisthesis management

A
  • Education
  • G1-G2: rehabilitation exercises
  • G3-G4: conservative. Maybe surgical fixation

Head and Spine (10 decks)

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