Common Conditions (CNS) Flashcards
1
Q
Migraine with Aura SSx
A
- Nausea
- Photophobia
- Phonophobia
Aura SSx
- Blind spots
- Flashing
- Paraesthesia
2
Q
Migraine with Aura management
A
- Silent dark rooms
- Medication
3
Q
Migraine classification
A
Primary headache
Unilateral
Severe
4
Q
Cervicogenic headache SSx
A
- Exacerbated by neck movement or posture
- Tightness in trigger points in neck
- Weakness in deep flexors
- Hyperactivity in superficial flexors
5
Q
Cervicogenic headache management
A
- Physical therapy
- Medications
- Nerve blocks
6
Q
Cervicogenic headache classification
A
Secondary headache
Unilateral
Moderate to severe
7
Q
Cluster headache SSx
A
- Combination or one of orbital, supraorbital, temporal pain
- Burning/sharp/deep pain
- Attacks may last between 15-180 minutes
- Miosis and/or ptosis
- Restlessness/agitation
8
Q
Cluster headache management
A
Medication
9
Q
Cluster headache classification
A
Primary headache
Unilateral
Severe
10
Q
Tension-type headache SSx
A
- Pressing/tightening pain around the head
- Not aggravated by physical activity
11
Q
Tension-type headache management
A
- Sleep
- Stress management
- Physical exercise
- Medication
- Myofascial release
12
Q
Tension-type headache classification
A
Primary headache
Bilateral
Mild to moderate
13
Q
CAD headache SSx
A
- Steady ache, throbbing or sharp
- Sudden onset
- Painful Horner’s syndrome
- Painful tinnitus
- Painful CN XII palsy
14
Q
CAD headache management
A
- Urgent
- No manual treatment
15
Q
CAD headache classification
A
Secondary headache
Unilateral
Severe
16
Q
Medication overuse headache SSx
A
- Anywhere around the head
- 15 or more times per month
- Has a pre-existing headache disorder
- Regular overuse of medication for >3/12
17
Q
Medication overuse headache management
A
Stop pain medication
18
Q
Medication overuse headache classification
A
Secondary headache
Unilateral or bilateral
Varying intensity
19
Q
What is intracranial pressure and what is the normal range?
A
- Pressure of cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space
- Normal range between 4-13 mmHg
20
Q
Intracranial pressure aetiology
A
- Increased fluid production
- Decreased drainage
- Extra mass
21
Q
Intracranial pressure SSx
A
- Headache
- Neck pain/neck stiffness
- Vomiting
- Focal neurological findings
22
Q
Basal ganglia syndrome aetiology
A
- Head injury
- Infection
- Metabolic problems
23
Q
Basal ganglia syndrome SSx
A
- Dyskinesia
- Resting tremors
- Athetosis
- Chorea
- Ballismus
- Akinesia
- Rigidity
- Dystonia
24
Q
Basal ganglia syndrome
Unilateral or contralateral?
A
Contralateral
25
What is medial medullary syndrome?
Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery or vertebral artery
26
Medial medullary syndrome SSx
- Ipsilateral paralysis and eventual atrophy of tongue
- Contralateral hemiparesis
- Contralateral loss of light touch, vibration, proprioception
27
What is lateral medullary syndrome?
Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (sometimes vertebral artery)
28
Lateral medullary syndrome SSx
- Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation over the face
- Ipsilateral paralysis of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
- Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation over body
29
Horner's syndrome SSx
- Ptosis
- Miosis
- Enophthalmos
- Facial anhidrosis
30
Pyramidal system syndrome SSx
- Hypertonia
- Hyperreflexia
- Clonus
- Babinski sign
- Muscle weakness
31
Cranial nerve lesion classification (VINDICATE)
```
Vascular
Infection
Neoplasia
Degenerative
Idiopathic/Iatrogenic
Congenital
Autoimmune
Trauma Endocrine/metabolic
```
32
Extra-axial cranial pathology aetiology
- Bone fracture
- Haemorrhage in the subdural, epidural or subarachnoid space
- Infections of the meninges
33
Intra-axial cranial pathology aetiology
- Neoplasm
- Infection and central abscess
- Intracerebral haemorrhage
34
Abducent neuropathy aetiology
- Ischemia
| - Neoplasia, trauma, idiopathic
35
Abducent neuropathy SSx
- Medial deviation of affected eye
| - Diplopia
36
Facial neuropathy aetiology
- Idiopathic (Bell’s palsy)
- Infection
- Tumours in middle ear and parotid gland
- Autoimmune
37
Facial neuropathy SSx
- Weakness/paralysis
- Eye irritation due to lack of eyelid closure
- Decreased tear production
38
Oculomotor neuropathy aetiology
- Vascular insults or aneurysms
- Head trauma
- Space occupying lesion
39
Oculomotor neuropathy SSx
- Paralysis of extraocular muscles
- Diplopia
- Ptosis
- Miosis with diminished response
40
Trigeminal neuropathy aetiology
- Vascular lesions
- Tumours
- Infections
41
Trigeminal neuropathy SSx
- Paraesthesia
- Loss of corneal reflex
- Facial pain
- Weakness/paralysis of muscles
- Deviation of mandible towards the affected side
42
Cerebellar disease
| Ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral
43
Midline cerebellar lesion SSx
- Faulty operation of limb movements
- Ataxia
- Oculomotor disturbances
44
Lateral cerebellar lesion SSx
- Impairment of highly skilled voluntary movements
- Lack of co-ordination
- Limb ataxia
- Dysarthria
- Dysdiadochokinesis
- Hypotonia
45
Vestibulocerebellum lesion SSx
- Postural instability
- Nystagmus
- Hypotonia
46
Conus medullaris SSx
- Unilateral
- Distal leg paresis
- Saddle
anaesthesia
- Erectile dysfunction
- Urinary/fecal/erectile problems
47
Neurogenic claudication aetiology
- Arterial circulatory insufficiency
| - Spinal stenosis
48
Neurogenic claudication SSx
- Numbness and tingling
| - Muscle weakness
49
Viral meningitis SSx
- Typical meningitis SSx
- Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis
- Absence of bacteria on CSF examination
50
Meningococcal meningitis SSx
- Fever (high >39oC)
- Headache (often severe)
- Neck pain
- Vomiting
- Photophobia
- Drowsiness, lethargy
- Seizures
51
Cerebrovascular disease SSx
- Headache
- Seizures
- Loss of consciousness
- Local oedema
52
CAD SSx
- Facial pain and numbness
- Dysarthria
- Loss of taste
- Vertigo
- Vomiting
- Diplopia
- Dysphagia
- Disequilibrium
53
Cauda equina syndrome aetiology
- Lumbar disc injury
- Spinal stenosis
- Severe spondylolisthesis
- Trauma
- Tumour
- Infection
54
Cauda equina syndrome SSx
- Severe LBP
- "Saddle" paraesthesia
- Bladder, bowel or sexual dysfunction
- Lower limb motor and sensory defects
- Hyporeflexia
