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Head and Spine > Common Conditions (CNS) > Flashcards

Common Conditions (CNS) Flashcards

1
Q

Migraine with Aura SSx

A
  • Nausea
  • Photophobia
  • Phonophobia

Aura SSx

  • Blind spots
  • Flashing
  • Paraesthesia
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2
Q

Migraine with Aura management

A
  • Silent dark rooms

- Medication

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3
Q

Migraine classification

A

Primary headache
Unilateral
Severe

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4
Q

Cervicogenic headache SSx

A
  • Exacerbated by neck movement or posture
  • Tightness in trigger points in neck
  • Weakness in deep flexors
  • Hyperactivity in superficial flexors
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5
Q

Cervicogenic headache management

A
  • Physical therapy
  • Medications
  • Nerve blocks
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6
Q

Cervicogenic headache classification

A

Secondary headache
Unilateral
Moderate to severe

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7
Q

Cluster headache SSx

A
  • Combination or one of orbital, supraorbital, temporal pain
  • Burning/sharp/deep pain
  • Attacks may last between 15-180 minutes
  • Miosis and/or ptosis
  • Restlessness/agitation
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8
Q

Cluster headache management

A

Medication

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9
Q

Cluster headache classification

A

Primary headache
Unilateral
Severe

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10
Q

Tension-type headache SSx

A
  • Pressing/tightening pain around the head

- Not aggravated by physical activity

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11
Q

Tension-type headache management

A
  • Sleep
  • Stress management
  • Physical exercise
  • Medication
  • Myofascial release
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12
Q

Tension-type headache classification

A

Primary headache
Bilateral
Mild to moderate

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13
Q

CAD headache SSx

A
  • Steady ache, throbbing or sharp
  • Sudden onset
  • Painful Horner’s syndrome
  • Painful tinnitus
  • Painful CN XII palsy
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14
Q

CAD headache management

A
  • Urgent

- No manual treatment

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15
Q

CAD headache classification

A

Secondary headache
Unilateral
Severe

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16
Q

Medication overuse headache SSx

A
  • Anywhere around the head
  • 15 or more times per month
  • Has a pre-existing headache disorder
  • Regular overuse of medication for >3/12
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17
Q

Medication overuse headache management

A

Stop pain medication

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18
Q

Medication overuse headache classification

A

Secondary headache
Unilateral or bilateral
Varying intensity

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19
Q

What is intracranial pressure and what is the normal range?

A
  • Pressure of cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space

- Normal range between 4-13 mmHg

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20
Q

Intracranial pressure aetiology

A
  • Increased fluid production
  • Decreased drainage
  • Extra mass
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21
Q

Intracranial pressure SSx

A
  • Headache
  • Neck pain/neck stiffness
  • Vomiting
  • Focal neurological findings
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22
Q

Basal ganglia syndrome aetiology

A
  • Head injury
  • Infection
  • Metabolic problems
23
Q

Basal ganglia syndrome SSx

A
  • Dyskinesia
  • Resting tremors
  • Athetosis
  • Chorea
  • Ballismus
  • Akinesia
  • Rigidity
  • Dystonia
24
Q

Basal ganglia syndrome

Unilateral or contralateral?

A

Contralateral

25
Q

What is medial medullary syndrome?

A

Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery or vertebral artery

26
Q

Medial medullary syndrome SSx

A
  • Ipsilateral paralysis and eventual atrophy of tongue
  • Contralateral hemiparesis
  • Contralateral loss of light touch, vibration, proprioception
27
Q

What is lateral medullary syndrome?

A

Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (sometimes vertebral artery)

28
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome SSx

A
  • Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation over the face
  • Ipsilateral paralysis of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
  • Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation over body
29
Q

Horner’s syndrome SSx

A
  • Ptosis
  • Miosis
  • Enophthalmos
  • Facial anhidrosis
30
Q

Pyramidal system syndrome SSx

A
  • Hypertonia
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Clonus
  • Babinski sign
  • Muscle weakness
31
Q

Cranial nerve lesion classification (VINDICATE)

A 
Vascular 
Infection
Neoplasia
Degenerative
Idiopathic/Iatrogenic
Congenital
Autoimmune
Trauma Endocrine/metabolic
32
Q

Extra-axial cranial pathology aetiology

A
  • Bone fracture
  • Haemorrhage in the subdural, epidural or subarachnoid space
  • Infections of the meninges
33
Q

Intra-axial cranial pathology aetiology

A
  • Neoplasm
  • Infection and central abscess
  • Intracerebral haemorrhage
34
Q

Abducent neuropathy aetiology

A
  • Ischemia

- Neoplasia, trauma, idiopathic

35
Q

Abducent neuropathy SSx

A
  • Medial deviation of affected eye

- Diplopia

36
Q

Facial neuropathy aetiology

A
  • Idiopathic (Bell’s palsy)
  • Infection
  • Tumours in middle ear and parotid gland
  • Autoimmune
37
Q

Facial neuropathy SSx

A
  • Weakness/paralysis
  • Eye irritation due to lack of eyelid closure
  • Decreased tear production
38
Q

Oculomotor neuropathy aetiology

A
  • Vascular insults or aneurysms
  • Head trauma
  • Space occupying lesion
39
Q

Oculomotor neuropathy SSx

A
  • Paralysis of extraocular muscles
  • Diplopia
  • Ptosis
  • Miosis with diminished response
40
Q

Trigeminal neuropathy aetiology

A
  • Vascular lesions
  • Tumours
  • Infections
41
Q

Trigeminal neuropathy SSx

A
  • Paraesthesia
  • Loss of corneal reflex
  • Facial pain
  • Weakness/paralysis of muscles
  • Deviation of mandible towards the affected side
42
Q

Cerebellar disease

Ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Ipsilateral

43
Q

Midline cerebellar lesion SSx

A
  • Faulty operation of limb movements
  • Ataxia
  • Oculomotor disturbances
44
Q

Lateral cerebellar lesion SSx

A
  • Impairment of highly skilled voluntary movements
  • Lack of co-ordination
  • Limb ataxia
  • Dysarthria
  • Dysdiadochokinesis
  • Hypotonia
45
Q

Vestibulocerebellum lesion SSx

A
  • Postural instability
  • Nystagmus
  • Hypotonia
46
Q

Conus medullaris SSx

A
  • Unilateral
  • Distal leg paresis
  • Saddle
    anaesthesia
  • Erectile dysfunction
  • Urinary/fecal/erectile problems
47
Q

Neurogenic claudication aetiology

A
  • Arterial circulatory insufficiency

- Spinal stenosis

48
Q

Neurogenic claudication SSx

A
  • Numbness and tingling

- Muscle weakness

49
Q

Viral meningitis SSx

A
  • Typical meningitis SSx
  • Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis
  • Absence of bacteria on CSF examination
50
Q

Meningococcal meningitis SSx

A
  • Fever (high >39oC)
  • Headache (often severe)
  • Neck pain
  • Vomiting
  • Photophobia
  • Drowsiness, lethargy
  • Seizures
51
Q

Cerebrovascular disease SSx

A
  • Headache
  • Seizures
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Local oedema
52
Q

CAD SSx

A
  • Facial pain and numbness
  • Dysarthria
  • Loss of taste
  • Vertigo
  • Vomiting
  • Diplopia
  • Dysphagia
  • Disequilibrium
53
Q

Cauda equina syndrome aetiology

A
  • Lumbar disc injury
  • Spinal stenosis
  • Severe spondylolisthesis
  • Trauma
  • Tumour
  • Infection
54
Q

Cauda equina syndrome SSx

A
  • Severe LBP
  • “Saddle” paraesthesia
  • Bladder, bowel or sexual dysfunction
  • Lower limb motor and sensory defects
  • Hyporeflexia

Head and Spine (10 decks)

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