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Lindsey's D&D Unit 3 > Common Bacterial Pathogens > Flashcards

Common Bacterial Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

Staph. aureus: gram stain, carrier location, catalase?

A

gram positive cocci in clusters; carried in anterior nares and perineum; catalase positive

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2
Q

Staph. epidermidis: gram stain, carrier location, catalase?

A

gram positive cocci in chains or pairs; normal skin flora; catalase negative

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3
Q

Strep. pyogenes: gram stain, carrier location, catalase?

A

gram positive cocci in chains or pairs; strep throat; catalase negative

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4
Q

Strep. pneumoniae: gram stain, carrier location, catalase?

A

gram positive diplococci; normal UR flora; catalase negative

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5
Q

Staph. aureus pathogenicity?

A

pathogenic; cutaneous infections (folliculitis, boils, wound infections); foreign bodies and splinters; TSS; pneumonia; bacteremia/endocarditis

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6
Q

How does Staph. aureus persist in cutaneous infections? What is the treatment?

A

formation of a fibrinous capsule; drainage of the abscess

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7
Q

____ is an essential virulence factor that is assoc. with the formation of the fibrin capsule.

A

Coagulase

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8
Q

What is the major cytotoxic agent released by Staph. aureus?

A

Alpha-toxin

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9
Q

How does Alpha-toxin work?

A

it forms a beta-barrel pore

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10
Q

Why does Staph. aureus like foreign bodies?

A

they provide a surface for colonization and interferes w/ phagocytosis

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11
Q

What is a superantigen toxin?

A

antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, leading to massive cytokine release

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12
Q

Superantigens can cause up to _____ of all T-cells to become activated, as compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response of _____.

A

25%; .0001-.001%

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13
Q

Name 3 staph toxin mediated diseases.

A
  1. TSS
  2. staph food poisoning
  3. scalded skin syndrome
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14
Q

What are the s/s of TSS?

A

high fever, low BP, malaise, confusion, rash resembling a sunburn

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15
Q

What can TSS lead to?

A

stupor, coma, multiple organ failure

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16
Q

What is the causative factor of TSS?

A

local Staph. aureus infection that produces toxin that circulates

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17
Q

What does the TSS rash look like, and what happens with it?

A

a sunburn over any part of the body, including lips, mouth, soles, and palms; it desquamates (peels off) after 10-14 days

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18
Q

What is Staph. food poisoning?

A

ingestion of preformed toxin in contaminated/improperly stored food

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19
Q

Staph. aureus pneumonia is common in _____.

A

health care acquired settings

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20
Q

What is the mortality of Staph. aureus pneumonia?

A

about 50%

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21
Q

Name one of the most common pathogens causing endocarditis/bacteremia.

A

Staph. aureus

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22
Q

What drugs can Staph. aureus be resistant to?

A

penicillin, methicillin, and vancomycin

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23
Q

What is an SSNA?

A

staph species, not aureus

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24
Q

Where do Staph. epidermidis normally live?

A

skin

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25
Q

Staph. epidermidis is usually a ____ infection involving _____.

A

localized; foreign body

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26
Q

What organism is assoc. with slime production?

A

Staph. epidermidis

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27
Q

What is the slime of Staph. epidermidis?

A

an extracellular glycocalyx allowing for adhesion and protective biofilm

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28
Q

What is Staph. epidermidis resistant to?

A

methicillin

29
Q

Why is Staph. epidermidis hard to treat?

A

the biofilm is hard to penetrate and it’s resistant to methicillin

30
Q

What diseases does Strep. pyogenes cause?

A

pharyngitis/strep throat, skin and wound infections

31
Q

Name 2 post-streptococcal diseases.

A
  1. glomerulonephritis

2. Rheumatic fever

32
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

type 3 immunopathology: strep antigen-antibody complexes deposited in the kidney and accumulate in the BM

33
Q

What is Rheumatic Fever?

A

autoimmune inflammatory disease; antigens cross react to myocardium and heart valves–NOT a colonization of bacteria

34
Q

What is unique about Group A Strep skin infections?

A

they spread

35
Q

What is the primary virulence factor in Strep. pyogenes?

A

M-protein

36
Q

What is M-protein?

A

a surface protein on Strep. pyogenes that inhibits phagocytosis, kills PMNs, and enhances adherence to epi

37
Q

What protects against M-protein?

A

antibodies

38
Q

Where is Strep. pyogenes normally found?

A

in the pharynx

39
Q

How does Strep. pneumoniae evade host defenses?

A

it has an antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule

40
Q

What is PPSV23?

A

pneumovax; protects against invasive Strep. pneumoniae

41
Q

What diseases are invasive Strep. pneumoniae?

A

meningitis, bacteremia/septicemia, pneumonia

42
Q

What diseases are noninvasive Strep. pneumoniae?

A

pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis

43
Q

What are the predisposing factors for Strep. pneumoniae?

A

young or old age, alcoholism, respiratory viral infections

44
Q

Why is alcoholism a predisposing factor for Strep. pneumoniae?

A

it negatively affects the mucocilliary escalator

45
Q

What is Prevnar?

A

the children’s pneumonia vaccine

46
Q

What is Strep. pneumoniae resistant to?

A

penicillin

47
Q

What does Viridans streptococci cause?

A

infective endocarditis and dental caries

48
Q

Viridans streptococci are either ____ and turn green on blood agar plates, or are _____ and do not.

A

alpha-hemolytic; nonhemolytic

49
Q

Where is Viridans streptococci normally found?

A

in the mouth

50
Q

What does Viridans streptococci produce that allows it to adhere to teeth and heart valves?

A

dextrans

51
Q

What do dextrans allow Viridans streptococci to do?

A

adhere to teeth and fibrin/platelets in damaged heart valves

52
Q

What do Enterococcus faecalis/faecium cause?

A

UTIs, infections of surgical wounds, biliary tract infections, endocarditis

53
Q

Where is Enterococcus faecalis/faecium normally found?

A

GI flora

54
Q

What is Enterococcus faecalis/faecium resistant to?

A

vancomycin

55
Q

What is a hospital-acquired infection called?

A

nosocomial infection

56
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

a hospital-acquired infection

57
Q

The most common ____ in human disease are members of the genus Clostridium.

A

gram + rods

58
Q

The most common gram + rods in human disease are members of the genus ____.

A

Clostridium

59
Q

Clostridum are strict ____ and form ____, which are extremely resilient.

A

anaerobes; endospores

60
Q

What diseases does Clostridium difficile cause?

A

hospital-acquired diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis

61
Q

What diseases does Clostridium tetani cause?

A

tetanus

62
Q

What diseases does Clostridium botulinum cause?

A

botulism

63
Q

What diseases does Clostridium perfringens cause?

A

gangrene and other tissue infections

64
Q

What kind of toxin does C. diff produce?

A

an entertoxin and a cytotoxin

65
Q

How is C. diff diagnosed?

A

ELISA or PCR of stool sample

66
Q

Name 2 gram negative rods.

A
  1. E. coli

2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

67
Q

Name a gram negative cocci.

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

68
Q

What bacteria family lack cell walls?

A

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Lindsey's D&D Unit 3 (12 decks)

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