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Lindsey's D&D Unit 3 > Bacterial Genetic Variation, Gene Transfer, and Evolution of Virulence > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetic Variation, Gene Transfer, and Evolution of Virulence Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 general ways bacteria regulate gene expression in order to adapt to the environment.

A
  1. regulate transcription 2. DNA rearrangement 3. acquisition of new DNA segments
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2
Q

How are bacterial plasmids transferred among gram positive bacteria?

A

generalized transduction

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3
Q

What is spontaneous mutation?

A

random single base changes

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4
Q

What are complex transposons?

A

those that carry add’l genes, such as antibiotic resistance, toxins, adhesions, and other virulence factors

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4
Q

____ is naked DNA transfer, usually btw members of the same species.

A

transformation

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5
Q

Proteins that mediate transposition are called a ____.

A

transposase

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5
Q

What is the simplest method of phage-mediated gene transfer?

A

generalized transduction

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5
Q

_____ may encode antibiotic resistance, especially resistance to tetracycline.

A

Conjugative transposons

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6
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

genetic transfer req contact btw donor and recipient; usu. involves a plasmid

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7
Q

What is phase variation?

A

DNA rearrangement

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8
Q

What is a large segment of DNA carried by some, but not all, bacteria that contribute to virulence called?

A

a pathogenicity island

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9
Q

What is a transposon?

A

a segment of DNA that can move itself from one chromosome to another

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10
Q

How are new DNA segments acquired?

A

lateral transfer

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10
Q

A segment of DNA that can move itself from one chromosome to another is called a ____.

A

transposon

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10
Q

Conjugative plasmids, such as transmissible drug resistance plasmids, are _____.

A

self-transmissible

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11
Q

Name 2 spontaneous mutations that are of medical importance.

A
  1. increased resistance to antimicrobials in Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium 2. single aa change in pyogenic exotoxin B of Strep. pyogenes converts it to a more invasive disease
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12
Q

____ is when bacteria integrate viral genes into their own genome and express viral virulence genes.

A

Bacteriophage conversion

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13
Q

What is a pathogenicity island?

A

large segments of DNA carried by some, but not all, bacteria that contribute to virulence

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14
Q

Generalized transducing phages are formed as a consequence of _____ during phage assembly.

A

errors in DNA packaging

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15
Q

What is a transductant?

A

the genetic recombinant

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16
Q

Plasmids may acquire new genetic material, especially by _____.

A

transposition

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18
Q

What is an insertion sequence/IS element?

A

transposons that encode transposase

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18
Q

What is transformation?

A

naked DNA transfer, usually btw members of the same species

19
Q

What is transduction?

A

gene transfer mediated by bacteriophages

20
Q

What is recombination?

A

gene swapping/rearrangement within a single organism or btw similar organisms

22
Q

Transposons that encode transposase are called ____ or ____.

A

insertion sequences; IS elements

23
Q

What do Neisseria gonorrhoeae do via phase variation?

A

alternate cell surface pilli

23
Q

Bacterial isolates that lack PIs may be _____ or have a different disease-causing potential.

A

avirulent

24
Q

___ plasmids, such as transmissible drug resistance plasmids, are self-transmissible.

A

Conjugative

26
Q

Acquisition of new genes may alter the ____, ____, or _____ of the new organism.

A

alter the virulence potential, survival characteristics, antimicrobial resistance

28
Q

What is a circular, self-replicating, extrachromosomal piece of DNA called?

A

a plasmid

29
Q

Conjugative transposons may encode antibiotic resistance, especially resistance to _____.

A

tetracycline

30
Q

____ carry add’l genes, such as antibiotic resistance, toxins, adhesions, and other virulence factors.

A

Complex transposons

31
Q

What is generalized transduction?

A

any segment of the donor cell genome may be passed to another cell

32
Q

Describe the Plasmid F.

A

found in lab strain E. coli; self-transmissible; 2% of chromosome; codes for autonomous replication, sex pilli, conjugative transfer, integration

34
Q

How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae use recombination?

A

to produce new pilli genes

35
Q

How are plasmids transferred?

A

conjugation or transduction

36
Q

What is the oriT?

A

origin of transfer- where circular DNA is opened to begin the conjugation process

38
Q

Gene swapping/rearrangement within a single organism or btw similar organisms is called _____.

A

recombination

39
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

a circular, self-replicating, extrachromosomal piece of DNA

39
Q

Name the stages of bacteriophage reproduction.

A
  1. growth 2. temperate phase 3. transduction 4. bacteriophage conversion
40
Q

Virulence genes are often only expressed under conditions of _____ within the host.

A

low iron

41
Q

How are plasmids that cannot mediate their own transfer be mobilized?

A

by another plasmid in the same cell

43
Q

What do Salmonella typhimurium do via phase variation?

A

switch btw H1 and H2 flagellar antigens

44
Q

What is another name for bacteriophage conversion?

A

lysogenic conversion

45
Q

Give an example of bacteriophage conversion.

A

C. diptheriae toxin, cholera toxin, scarlet fever toxin, botulism toxin

46
Q

What is the rate of spontaneous mutation in a bacteria?

A

very low- 10^-6 to -10 per cell-generation

47
Q

_____ is gene transfer mediated by bacteriophages.

A

transduction

48
Q

What is bacteriophage conversion?

A

when bacteria integrate viral genes into their own genome and express viral virulence genes

50
Q

What does injected DNA recombine with in order to produce a genetic recombinant?

A

homologous genome segments

51
Q

What are conjugative transposons?

A

mobile elements that mediate the conjugation btw 2 cells- the DNA is the conjugative transposon itself

52
Q

What is bacteriophage conversion?

A

when viral gene products are produced by bacteria that don’t have those genes otherwise

53
Q

What can plasmids carry?

A

virulence and antibiotic resistance genes

54
Q

What is transposase?

A

proteins that mediate transposition

55
Q

How do bacteria increase or decrease gene transcription?

A

via DNA-binding proteins that interact with the promoter regions

Lindsey's D&D Unit 3 (12 decks)

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