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Social Psychology (2nd yr) > Collective action > Flashcards

Collective action Flashcards

1
Q

What is social change?

A

Transformation of the institutions and culture of society.
Rupture in the equilibrium of social structures

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2
Q

What are the 2 main psychological models of social change?

A

Prejudice reduction and collective action

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3
Q

What does a prejudice reduction approach assume and aim to do?

A

Assumes that negative attitudes are at the heart of intergroup inequality
Aims at improving the attitudes of the advantaged

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4
Q

What is social justice inextricably (impossible to disentangle) tied to?

A

Strengthening intergroup harmony

Positive effects on members of the advantaged group

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5
Q

What is collective action?

A

Strengthening social movements by the disadvantaged

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6
Q

What are prejudice reduction and collective action both influenced by?

A

Social Identity Theory

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7
Q

What are 5 characteristics of prejudice reduction?

A
  • Low salience of category membership
  • Weak collective identification
  • Perceive group boundaries to be permeable
  • Generally positive chatacterisations of outgroup
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8
Q

What is collective action?

A
  • High salience of category membership
  • Strong collective identification
  • High salience of group-based inequality
  • Perceive group boundaries to be impermeable
  • Generally negative characterisations of outgroup
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9
Q

What does social identity theory explain intergroup relations as a function of?

A

Group-based self-definitions

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10
Q

According to social identity theory, what do individuals define their own identities regarding?

A

Social groups - these identifications work to protect and bolster self-identity

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11
Q

How does social identity relate to places in society?

A
  • we occupy many different places (eg. student, friend, partner)
  • Some of these places are exclusive and only occupied by a small number of people, some are mutually exclusive (employed vs unemployed), some are inclusive, encompassing large numbers of people, some are nested (eg. italian and/or cross-cutting (men and teacher)
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12
Q

What is the difference between personal identity and social identity on the interpersonal-intergroup continuum?

A

2 extremes by which behaviour can be defined
Personal identity is characteristics that define us as individuals as distinct from other individuals whereas social identity is the part of our self-concept corresponding to group memberships, and the value and emotional significance attached to those memberships.

In group situations, we shift from personal to social identity.

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13
Q

What is the central principle of SIT?

A

People seek to maintain positive social identities

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14
Q

How do members of social groups maintain or enhance their self-esteem?

A

Base their comparisons on relevant outgroups with which they can make a favourable comparison on behalf of the ingroup.
Social categorisation -> social identification -> social comparison

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15
Q

What are 3 strategies to avoid negative social identities?

A
  1. individual mobility (leaving the group)
  2. Social creativity (changing comparison)
  3. Social conflict (engaging in collective action)

Each type of strategy used is dependent on external factors

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16
Q

What is individual mobility?

A

Individual behaviour aimed at achieving a more positive situation for oneself - not for the group

Boundaries are perceived as permeable and there is the possibility for upward change in social status of individual

17
Q

What is social creativity?

A

Group boundaries are perceived as impermeable, group relationships as legitimate and/or no cognitive alternatives can be envisaged.
- Selecting a new comparison dimension
- Engaging in downward comparison
- Re-evaluating a negative group attribute by changing in a positive way

18
Q

How does social conflict occur?

A
  • Group boundaries are impermeable (individual mobility is impossible)
  • Group relationships perceived as illegitimate and cognitive alternatives can be envisaged
  • Social conflict as the struggle for agency and power in society
  • Collective action is often the route used to contest and change the relationships between groups
19
Q

How does individual mobility affect intergroup relations?

A

It doesn’t - it is mainly about individual change

20
Q

How does social creativity affect intergroup relations?

A

It helps coping with social disadvantage, BUT group-based inequality is not actively challenged

21
Q

How does social conflict affect intergroup relations?

A

Directly attempts to change the group’s position in the social hierarchy

22
Q

What is the only strategy that may result in a change in the objective reality of group relations?

A

Collective action

23
Q

When do people engage in collective action?

A

Any time they are acting as a representative of the group and when the action is directed at improving the conditions of the group
- action undertaken as group members and to pursue group goals
- doesn’t have to be ‘your’ group - political solidarity also counts

24
Q

What are some forms of protests?

A
  • demonstrations
  • blockades
  • strikes
  • individual (petitions/voting or more radical eg. property damage/physical violence)
  • non-violent collective action eg. strikes, demonstrations, sit-ins, petitions, boycotts
  • Violent collective action - unorganised eg. riots or organised eg. militia or acts of terrorism
25
Q

What are 3 reasons for collective action?

A
  1. injustice
  2. efficacy
  3. identity
26
Q

In what way is injustice a reason to engage in collective action?

A

Subjective sense of disadvantage, unjust treatment or violation of important moral standards leads to feelings of deprivation eg. anger, resentment, outrage)
Emotional dimension- individual’s perceptions of unfairness or experience of anger

27
Q

In what way is efficacy a reason to engage in collective action?

A

Pragmatic and instrumental elements increase willingness to engage in collective action (perceptions of efficacy)
- multiple forms: agency, collective, individuall and parcipative

28
Q

In what way is identity an important factor to engaging in collective action?

A

Individuals’ psychological ties with the relevant group - Importance of identification with aggrieved group
Politicised identities - identification with movement

29
Q

How do the 2008 economic and political crisis and the anti-austerity movement in Spain show how well injustice predicts protest?

A

2008 economic and political crisis - led to new movements eg. Indignados and revitalised older ones eg. Catalonian movement for independence.

Anti-austerity movement in Spain - Sabucedo et al. (2017) analysed manifestos and surveyed 919 ppts during mobilisations - ppts in demonstrations feel more unfairly treated than non-ppts

30
Q

What is group efficacy?

A

When people believe their group can achieve its goals through joint action, they experience the collective agency that is lacking when people merely feel hopeful

31
Q

How did Zomeren et al (2010) show how group efficacy influences collective action?

A

Experimental study manipulated students’ group efficacy beliefs - group efficacy beliefs increased collective action intentions against raising tuition fees in the Netherlands by increasing identification with disadvantaged group by increasing collective action tendencies

32
Q

What did Sturmer and Simon (2004) study in relation to the role of identity processes?

A

Longitudinal study (n=199) the context of the German gay movement
- members of largest formal organisation
Results show clear support for role of collective identity processes above and beyond efficacy dimensions
- stronger effect of identification with specific social movement organisation

33
Q

How has the Social Identity Model of Collective Action been applied to Iran’s nature cleaners?

A

16 events, n=382 during 8-month period
Goal was to test applicability of SIMCA
- Key role of social identification as only significant direct predictor of collective action
(Keshavarzi et al., 2021)

34
Q

How has the Social Identity Model of Collective Action been applied to climate collective action in Austria and Germany?

A

652 uni students in Austria and Germany
Aimed to explain intention to participate in community-based environmental/collective initiatives.
Social identity was core predictor of collective climate action across studies.
Participative efficacy, individual efficacy was also a predictor.
(Bamberg et al., 2015)

35
Q

How has the Social Identity Model of Collective Action been applied to Extinction Rebellion?

A

Survey of 203 current of potential XR activists
2 pathways:
1. feelings of moral outrage (perceived injustice, moral convictions, anger)
2. belief that one’s individual actions could make a difference (participative efficacy)
Both predicted collective action behaviour and future intentions through identification with XR.
Identification with global humanity seemingly played a more distal role, predicting perceived injustice, moral convictions and participative efficacy

(Furlong and Vignoles, 2021)

36
Q

What factor acted as an extension to Social Identity Model of Collective Action? (SIMCA)

A

Moral convictions - strong and absolute stances on moral issues.

Moral beliefs that individuals perceive to have been violated

37
Q

What is a social identity approach to crowds?

A

Crowd behaviour is intergroup behaviour. Historically crowds are formed by those without institutional power.
Crowd behaviour involves different groups who will behave according to different group norms (eg. protesters and police)

38
Q

How did new emergent identities influence the 2011 London riots?

A

Riots can be seen as the product of social identity processes.
Longstanding intergroup tension between the community and police.
Looting behaviour was not a product of emergent social identities - not identity loss, but identity change: individual identity -> social identity

39
Q

How does the elaborated social model explain dynamics of conflicts within crowd/collective events?

A

Identity change occurring within crowd events could also endure afterwards.
Recognition of the role of empowerment as a cause and consequence of collective action

Social Psychology (2nd yr) (10 decks)

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