Collection of Data Flashcards
What is a statistical inquiry?
An investigation on a topic by any agency where quantitative information is collected
What is the purpose of collecting data?
The purpose is to collect evidence for reaching a clear solution to a problem
Who are the three people involved in a statistical enquiry?
- Investigator.
- Enumerator.
- Respondent.
Who is an investigator?
The one who conducts the statistical enquiry
Who is an enumerator?
The investigator needs certain people to help collect the information needed to conduct the statistical enquiry. These are enumerators.
Who are respondents?
The persons from whom the statistical information is collected
What is a survey?
It is a method of gathering information from individuals
What do you mean by variable?
Variable refers to a quantity whose value varies from one investigation to another
What are the sources of data?
- Internal sources.
- External sources.
What are internal sources?
In an organisation when data is collected from its OWN reports and records. Ex: annual report on profit/ loss
What are external source?
When data is collected from outside the organisation. Ex: if a tour and travel company obtain information on “UP Tourism” from Uttar Pradesh transport Corporation
What do you mean by primary data?
Data collected firsthand by an investigator/organisation for specific purpose. It is original and is directly collected from the source for the first time.
Give an example of primary data
If an enquiry is conducted about the age group of employees by the investigator from the workers THEMSELVES
Secondary data is collected for the very first time. True or false?
False
When does primary data become secondary data?
Primary data once collected and published becomes secondary data
What is secondary data?
Data which is obtained from published or unpublished sources
In the case of secondary data, the investigator makes use of what type of data?
Data which has been collected by others
Secondary data is also known as______
Second hand data
Example of secondary data
To obtain data about age group from COMPANY RECORDS rather than the workers themselves
What are the methods of collecting primary data?
- Direct personal investigation.
- Indirect oral investigation.
- Information from correspondents.
- Telephonic interviews.
- Mailed questionnaire method.
- Questionnaire filled by enumerators.
What is direct personal investigation?
Here the investigator collects the data by DIRECT CONTACT with respondent and conduct ON THE SPOT inquiry
How must the investigator be when conducting a DPI?
The investigator must be polite, patient, and have good observation
The four suitability of DPI?
- When area of investigation is limited.
- When nature of enquiry is confidential.
- When maximum degree of accuracy needed.
- When originality of information is important.
What are the merits of DPI?
- Data collected is original.
- The data is collected is authentic and reliable as it is first-hand information
- It is a flexible method as the questions can be modified to suit the requirement of the investigation
- Provide uniformity.
Demerits of DPI?
- Not suitable for large area
- Expensive and time consuming
- It is subject to bias of the investigator.
- Entire success of the DPI depends on the training and experience of investigator.
What is indirect oral investigation?
Here the investigator approaches, third parties who are in possession of the information about the subject of inquiry
In the case of indirect oral investigation, the people who provide you information are called______
Witnesses
Indirect oral investigation is usually conducted by?
Police departments and inquiry committees which are appointed by government
Suitability of indirect oral investigation
- When respondents are unable to give information.
- Area of investigation is very large.
- When secret information is to be collected about the informant.
- When the investigation needs an expert opinion.
Merits of indirect oral nvestigation
- Suitable for large area of investigation
- Expert opinion can be obtained.
- information that we get is relatively unbiased because information is collected from people were aware of the situation
- Economical in terms of time, money and manpower.
Demerits of indirect oral investigation?
- Witness maybe biased.
- Degree of accuracy low
- Information may have error since it is not collected directly by respondent.
What is information from correspondents method?
local agents or correspondents are appointed and trained to collect information from the respondents
Information from correspondents is used by
Newspapers, TV channels, magazines
When is information from correspondence method used?
Then information at regular intervals is to be collected from different places
Suitability of information from correspondents
- When regular and continuous information is required.
- Area of investigation is large.
- High degree of accuracy is not required.
Demerits of information from correspondent method
- Lacks originality due to lack of personal contact with respondent.
- Lacks uniformity and is not comparable
- It cannot be used by high degree of accuracy is required.
- Time consuming.
What is telephonic interview method?
When data is collected through interview over the telephone
What is the suitability of telephonic interviews?
- Respondent has telephone connection.
- When data needs to be collected in short duration.
Merits of telephonic interview
- Useful to conduct enquiry over large area.
- Economical in terms of time, Money manpower
- Can clarify the doubts of the respondent?
Demerits of telephonic interview
- Not possible for people without a telephone.
- Getting the visual reactions of respondent is not possible.
What is the mailed questionnaire method?
Here the investigator makes questionnaire related to the investigation and sends it to the respondent along with the covering letter
Nowadays _____ is a way of doing online survey
SMS
Suitability of mailed questionnaire method
- When field of investigation is very large.
- When respondents are literate and likely to cooperate.
What are the merits of mailed questionnaire method?
- Covers wide area.
- Economical in terms of time, Money, manpower
- Respondent is directly involved which allows for originality.
- Free from bias as every question is interpreted by the respondent himself.
Demerits of mailed questionnaire method
- Only applicable to educated respondents.
- If respondent has lack of interest, they may not fill it up.
- Respondent may misinterpret the questions.
- Time consuming.
What is the questionnaire filled by numerator method?
Here, enumerator, personally visits, the informant along with the questionnaire, ask the questions and notes down their replies in his own language
What is the basic difference between a questionnaire and a schedule?
A questionnaire is filled by respondent where as a schedule is filled by the investigator
What are the merits of questionnaire filled by enumerator method
- Less chance of partiality.
- Can be used, even if the respondent is illiterate.
- Information is reliable and
- Data can be collected from large number of people.
Demerits of questionnaire filled by enumerator
- Success rate depends on the training and experience of the enumerator.
- Costly.
- Time consuming.
- Numerator may be biased.
What are the sources of secondary data?
- Published sources
- Unpublished sources.
What are published sources
Sources which are available on public platform and are accessible to everyone
What are the four published sources?
- Government publications.
- Semigovernment publications.
- Research publication of individuals.
- Newspapers and magazines.
What are unpublished sources?
When data collected by someone is not published and is taken by other people for investigation
Seven important points for constructing a good questionnaire
- Questionnaire can be ‘ two way questions’ or MCQ
- A polite covering letter must be sent explaining in brief the objective of the survey.
- Number of questions should be as less as possible
- Questions must be simple and short.
- The questions must be logically arranged.
- No personal questions should be asked.
- Questionnaire must be attractive.
A survey conducted using either ______ or ______
Census method or sampling method
What is a population/universe?
It is the aggregate of individual items, people, or things
What is the census method?
When statistical investigation is conducted and data is collected from each and every element of the population
Census method is also known as
Complete survey or complete enumeration
Three merits of census method
- High level of accuracy and data is reliable.
- Provides intensive and in-depth information of population.
- Suitable for when the population is heterogeneous
Demerits of census method
- Expensive
- Very time consuming and needs manpower.
- Not suitable to meet urgent data needs.
What is the sampling method?
When only some representatives items of the population are selected and analysis is done from that data
Merits of sampling method
- Quick results.
- Low cost.
- Training enumerator is easy and effective.
- Allows investigation of large.
Merits of sampling method
- Quick results.
- Low cost.
- Training enumerator is easy and effective.
- Allows investigation of large area
Demerits of sampling method
- High degree of accuracy is not possible
- Not possible for heterogeneous
population. - If investigator is biased, he might select the sample deliberately.
