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Collapse of Burning Building > Collapse 2nd Edition > Flashcards

Collapse 2nd Edition Flashcards

1
Q

According to NFPA the leading causes of FF deaths are?

A
  • Stress
  • responding/returning from emergencies
  • falls
  • falling objects
  • coming in contact w/ objects
  • ff caught/trapped
  • burning building collapse
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2
Q

4 factors that will increase burning building collapse?

A
  • age of building
  • abandonments
  • lightweight construction
  • faulty renovations
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3
Q

Buildings have a life expectancy of ?

A

75 - 100 yrs

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4
Q

older buildings structures of this country will collapse at an increasing rate and kill more ff unless there is a much greater effort in?

A

preservation, rehabilitation and legal renovation

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5
Q

Abandoned and neglected, unoccupied structures are know as?

A

Target hazards
* must be targeted by FD for frequent inspections, board-up orders and fire preplanning

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6
Q

What cracks masonry walls?

A

Freeze-thaw cycle
*wind and rain erode mortar between bricks.
* water seepage into an unheated building s masonry wall will freeze, expand, and crack the bricks

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7
Q

NFPA states unprotected lightweight steel bar joist fail when exposed to fire for?

A

5 to 10 min

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8
Q

What part of the WTC towers was the first part of the building to collapse according to NIST?

A

Floors

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9
Q

During a fire a braced-framed building will often collapse?

A

Inward/outward

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10
Q

A bend twist or curve of a structural element?

A

Deflection

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11
Q

A facade includes 4 collapse dangers?

A

Marquee, cornice, canopy, parapet wall

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12
Q

A combination of dead load a live load is?

A

Gravity load

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13
Q

a gravity-support beam designed to release itself from the masonry wall during collapse?

A

Fire cut beam
* a beam end that is simply resting on a corbel shel or a girder

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14
Q

The roof a church with a peak is supported by?

A

side walls

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15
Q

an unsupported lean-to floor collapse can be caused by

A

A bearing wall failure

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16
Q

Most structural elements are designed with a safety factor of?

A

2 or more

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17
Q

A bearing wall that supports floors and roofs of 2 buildings?

A

Party Wall

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18
Q

The danger of a truss only exist when?

A

under fire conditions

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19
Q

To melt steel what temperature is requried?

A

2400°
* really reached at a structure fire

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20
Q

2 of the most common structural elements formed by bending steel is?

A

C-Beam and bar joist truss

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21
Q

the failure temperature of steel is in the range of?

A

1000° to 1100°

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22
Q

What temperature does a structure fire typically reach?

A

1700°

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23
Q

Time Temperature curve test states that ?

A

1000° takes 5 min
1300° takes 10 min
1700° 1 hour
2000° 4 hour
2400° 8 hours

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24
Q

Steel fails at temperatures of 1100° and looses?

A

40% of its load carrying capacity

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25
Q

2 common types of roof decks used above the fluted-steel deck of a bar joist or c-beam which are?

A

lightweight insulation or precast concrete plank

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26
Q

what is the main concern of the fire service used to connect the truss members together?

A

Sheet Metal Surface Fasteners
*only connect the outer ½ in of wood truss members

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27
Q

In any structural element the critical aspect that are subject to failure during fire is ?

A

the point of connection
*are the first to fail

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28
Q

at a content fire like a mattress or couch the strategy should be?

A

stretch an interior hoseline and extinguish

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29
Q

If fire involves the structure and is burning through the concealed roof or floor space the strategy should be?

A

remove people
take exterior attack strategy

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30
Q

The most dangerous ceiling is ?

A

suspended ceiling

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31
Q

Degree of injury of a local collapse of plaster ceiling is determined by?

A

thickness of plaster
height of the ceiling from which it fell
cushioning system inside ff helmet

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32
Q

Most dangerous ceiling is?

A

suspended ceiling

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33
Q

What are the 3 common types of suspended ceilings?

A

wood grid
a metal grid system w/ removal panel
a metal grid system w/ permanently affixed ceiling

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34
Q

1st step for the rescue of firefighters trapped beneath a collapsed ceiling is?

A

sweep the collapse area above the ceiling w/ a hoseline and knock down flames.

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35
Q

One gallon of water weighs about?

A

8 lbs

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36
Q

If working beneath a suspended ceiling that has partially collapse or is sagging badly, what should ff do?

A

Shore up the weakened ceiling temporarily with a Portable Ladder

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37
Q

When a suspended ceiling collapses, the grid system must first be?

A

Cut apart with a power saw

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38
Q

What can ff use to tunnel beneath collapsed ceiling or as a raising lever?

A

Portable Ladder

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39
Q

most often constructed of wood and found in private homes which type of stairs?

A

L-Stair
*2 sections stair change direction at a 90-degree angle

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40
Q

in the wooden interior of the building and logically the best avenue for initial fire attack is?

A

the stairway

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41
Q

Stairs found in masonry enclosures are independent of the floor structure and will not collapse during floor failure?

A

U-Return Stairs

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42
Q

The most serious collapse injuries on u-return stairs is?

A

collapse of intermediate landing collapse.
*ff stepping on them

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43
Q

the steel u-return stairs that sustain the most intermediate landing collapse are?

A

treads and landings constructed of stone unsupported by a steel pan

44
Q

The most frequent collapse collapse of a u-return stair is?

A

stone stair tread or step

45
Q

Intermediate landings made of stone or marble on steel-framed u-return stairs most often collapse under?

A

weight of ff descending the stairs

46
Q

3 general classifications of fire escapes?

A

Party Balcony
Exterior screened
Standard fire escape w/ mechanical street ladders

47
Q

Safest fire escape is ?

A

Exterior Screened fire escape

48
Q

At fire escapes ff are injured by?

A

Step collapse
*weakened by corrosion

49
Q

To avoid fire escape collapse, ff should climb steps?

A

smoothly and not stamp down on the tread, grip railing
* place one foot and apply pressure to the step first before placing full weight

50
Q

What are new party balcony constructed of?

A

wood or concrete

51
Q

Most common type of fire escape found on residential buildings is?

A

Standard fire escape

52
Q

Standard Fire escape

A

60°- 70° angle of ladder (Steeper)
*see a kid or elderly bring in through window of safe apartment and through interior stairwell

53
Q

Sliding drop ladder is held in place on the lowest balcony of a standard fire escape by?

A

Pendulum hook

54
Q

FF lowering a drop ladder should stand?

A

Beneath the fire escape
*if it falls out of its tracks it will fall out away from fire escape
*a safer alternative is a ground ladder

55
Q

When placing a boot on a fire escape, it should be placed?

A

near outside of the step where it meets the stringer

56
Q

When descending down a weakened standard fire escape ladder you should?

A

face the ladder and hold on to guide rails

57
Q

3 ways a wood-frame structure may collapse?

A

90° angle
inward/outward (3 story braced frame frequently collapse)
Lean Over and collapse on it’s side

58
Q

Often signaled by the corners of the falling wall splitting apart from the remaining walls?

A

90-degree-angle wall collapse

59
Q

Most dangerous, sudden, gives no visible warning signs prior to failure, may involve the collapse of 2, 3, 4 walls simultaneously?

A

inward/outward
*most common in braced frame

60
Q

During a fire in a structure with masonry walls, it is rare that more than one wall will collapse at one time except in?

A

an explosion

61
Q

Of the 3 major types of wood-frame construction, this one presents the greatest ff danger?

A

Braced-frame

62
Q

Today, is the most widely used method of wood-frame construction?

A

Platform Construction
* superior to balloon and brace-framed because of no concealed wall voids that extent more than 1 floor

63
Q

Lightweight wood truss construction suffer?

A

floor and roof collapse
* not wall or global (total) collapse of the entire structure.
*danger is early floor and roof collapse of truss floors and roof

64
Q

3 factors that contribute to inward/outward collapse?

A
  • Fire destruction of bearing wall
  • failure at mortise and tenon connections
  • exterior wall overload
65
Q

In older buildings bearing walls were on?

A

The side

66
Q

Private new homes have bearing walls on?

A

Front and rear

67
Q

Kills more firefighters than fires in any other occupancy ?

A

Unfinished buildings

68
Q

Major life hazard during a daytime fire at a building under construction will be?

A

Workers trapped on upper floors and especially workers inside cab of a crane

69
Q

Crane collapse most often when ?

A

Overloaded, moved, assembled, or disassemble
*not during fire

70
Q

The relative moisture content of concrete is greatest during?

A

The 1st 27 days after pouring

71
Q

2 types of concrete spalling

A

Explosive spalling and dropping spalling

72
Q

Are required to be noncombustible and at least 30 feet from building from buildings under construction?

A

Shanties

73
Q

Number 1 ignition source found inside workmens shanty?

A

Portable heating device

74
Q

In any building under construction, most state laws require?

A

Standpipe system in operating condition that rises 7 stories or 75 feet

75
Q

Some state laws when a high-rise building under construction exceed 150 ft or 15 stories that ____ be placed to?

A

Os&y contol valve to subdivide the vertical pipe riser into sections

76
Q

Construction sheds, shanties will be closed on weekends and should be examined?

A

During working hours

77
Q

Collapse large caliber stream capable of delivering more than ___ gpm?

A

300 gpm

78
Q

Roofs surrounded by parapet walls on the four sides of the building are?

A

Prone to water buildup

79
Q

Sounds of large caliber streams
Stricking brick wall
Stikes side of wooden building when it enters a window

A

Stricking brick wall - splatter
Stikes side of woodwn building - drum
Enters a window - distant rumbling

80
Q

One of the most important objectives of collapse rescue operations is?

A

Control and organization

81
Q

After establishing command at a building collapse, one of thw 1st actions the IC must direct is to?

A

Restrict access to the scene

82
Q

Terrorists attack IC should divide operations into ?

A

2 branches
- one for firefighting
- collapse sear-and-rescue

83
Q

Search and rescue plan used in oklahoma and New York?

A
  1. Secure the area
  2. Survey collapse site
  3. Shut off utilities
  4. Remove surface victims
  5. Search voids and remove trapped victims
  6. Take time out
  7. Tunnel/trench
  8. Begin gwnwral rubble removal
84
Q

After ordering police to secure the area at a collapse, the IC must order?

A

Site safety survey of the 6 sides (4 sides above and below)

85
Q

At a collapse during time out who shoukd bw in the conference?

A

IC
Operations officer
Planning officer
Victim tracking officer

86
Q

Whwnevwr there is a danger reported to thw command post who should this information be relayed to?

A

RIT

87
Q

The most dangerous type of parapet wall is ?

A

Ornamental cast stone

88
Q

Parapet wall most susceptible to total collapse are oftwn attached to steel reinforcement rods and angle rods?

A

Ornamental cast stone and decorative terra-cotta parapet walls

89
Q

Complete withdrawal of firefighters

A

Any fire where steel bar joist, timber or lightweight truss construction is exposed

*large body of fire on several floors in an old building

90
Q

At what temperature does steel warp, sag, bend and collapse when heated?

A

1100 to 1200

91
Q

The best fire-resistive building in America?

A

Concrete structure

92
Q

Structure that limit and confine fires best and suffer fewest collapse are?

A

Reinforced concrete

93
Q

What is the safety factor?

A

2 to 1
*its exactly what you get, no extra

94
Q

Most fire safe building in america?

A

Empire state building

95
Q

After they found out Asbestos was hazardous what was used as a spray-on coating for steel?

A

Vermiculite or volcanic rock ash substance

96
Q

Strategy is uded in a high-rise building where time necessary for total evacuation would be impractical is?

A

Defend-in-place

97
Q

The distance defined as remote is?

A

15 feet

98
Q

Phases of elevators?

A

Phase I - recapture elevator
Phase II - firefighter use
Phase III - enclosed and protected from smoke, fire and hose stream and sprinkler water

99
Q

Occurs whwn an initial load failure spreads from the structural element to structural element, resulting in collapse of an entire structure?

A

Progressive collapse

100
Q

High-rise fire -resistive steel frames are only protected against heat for ?

A

A maximum of 4 hours

101
Q

One of the most important size up duties of 1st in chiefs and company officers is?

A

Locating fire and determining severity of it

102
Q

A post-fire analysis is a strategy, tactics, and safety investigation from the point of view?

A

Fireground commander

103
Q

There are many benefits in conducting a post-fire analysis. The greatest benefit occurs to whom?

A

Chief officer doing the analysis

104
Q

What are the 3 parts of post fire analysis?

A

Part I - Printed form or fact sheet that is filled out and includes questions about the fire
Part II - fire ground diagram
Part III - photographic documentation

105
Q

Types of buildings and fire spread weakness as well as general collapse characteristics:

A

Type I - fire-resistive:
- fire spread weakness :A/C
- collapse characteristics: localized collapse by spalling chunks of concrete

Type II - noncombustible:
- fire spread weakness: combustible roof deck
- collapse characteristics: early roof collapse

Type III - ordinary Construction:
- fire spread weakness: voids -
- collapse characteristics: parapet walls often collapse near roof level

Type IV - Heavy Timber:
- fire spread weakness: Fire load/radiant heat
- collapse characteristics: floor collapse followed my masonry wall collapse
Type V - wood-frame
- fire spread weakness: exterior walls
- collapse characteristics: Bearing Wall collapse

106
Q

3rd and most important part of post-fire analysis is?

A

Photographic documentation

107
Q

The collapse danger of a cellar is?

A

The 1st floor

Collapse of Burning Building (24 decks)

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