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Equine Med & Surgery > Colic > Flashcards

Colic Flashcards

1
Q

What % of horses develop colic annually?

A

10%

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2
Q

What % of horses that develop colic require surgery?

A

10%

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3
Q

Colic risk factors

A
  • recent change in diet
  • recent change in stabling
  • recent change in activity level
  • previous colic or abdominal surgery
  • inadequate deworming or dental care, weather?
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4
Q

What are the most critical parts of a history for a horse with colic?

A
  • treatments already given
  • any known medication reactions
  • duration of colic
  • severity of colic
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5
Q

How much nasogastric reflux may be considered normal?

A

up to 2L

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6
Q

How long is “skin tent” in a normal horse?

A

2-3 seconds

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7
Q

What are some gut sounds that may be heard?

A
  • opening of ileocecal orifice (sounds like drain emptying)
  • sand in ventral colon
  • short, sharp tinkling sounds
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8
Q

What factors are used in assessing dehydration status?

A
  • skin tent
  • degree of enophthalmos
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9
Q

What are normal parameters for abdominal fluid?

A

TNCC<10,000 cells/ul

TP<2.5g/dl

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10
Q

When should you consider referral?

A
  • refractory/unrelenting pain
  • lack of response to therapy (think about referral on second visit to patient
  • evidence of endotoxemia (consistently elevated HR, congested gums, prolonged CRT)
  • findings inconsistent with a simple colic (excessive reflux, distended viscous tight band, extensive impaction on rectal, serosanguinous abdominocentesis)
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11
Q

Causes of nasogastric reflux

A
  • pyloric obstruction
  • SI obstruction or strangulation
  • nephrosplenic entrapment
  • occasionally large colon volvulus
  • anterior enteritis
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12
Q

Causes of tight bands

A
  • large colon displacement or volvulus
  • grossly distended cecum
  • mesentery under tension
  • uterine torsion
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13
Q

Causes of abnormal abdominal taps

A
  • small intestinal compromise
  • enteritis
  • large intestinal compromise
  • splenic tap
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14
Q

Normal pulse in a horse?

A

48 bpm or less

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15
Q

What two equine analgesia drugs are often combined due to synergism?

A

xylazine, butorphanol

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16
Q

Typical clinical signs of large intestinal simple obstruction

A
  • consistent mild pain
  • normal gums usually
  • elevated pulse
  • distended or impacted colon
  • normal abdominal tap
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17
Q

Where are enteroliths usually located?

A
  • right dorsal colon
  • transverse colon
  • small colon
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18
Q

Surgical approach to enteroliths

A

pelvic flexure enterotomy +/- incision in the right dorsal colon or where enterolith is located

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19
Q

Risk factors for enteroliths

A
  • high calcium diet
  • ingestion of foreign body
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20
Q

What are the causes of secondary cecal impaction?

A
  • associated with ortho or ophtho pain
21
Q

Treatment for secondary cecal impactions

A

cecal evacuation & aggressive pain management

22
Q

Treatment options for NS entrapment

A
  1. phenylephrine, walk/trot
  2. roll horse +/- phenylephrine
  3. straight to surgery for horses not suspected to respond to phenylephrine or don’t want to give phenylephrine
23
Q

What are causes of simple obstruction of small colon?

A
  • meconium impaction in foals
  • fecal impaction in miniature horses
24
Q

Typical clinical signs with small intestinal strangulating obstruction

A
  • consistent moderate pain
  • congested gums
  • elevated pulse
  • reflux
  • multiple distended SI loops
  • serosanguinous tap
25
Q

Typical clinical signs seen with anterior enteritis

A
  • depression/mild pain
  • congested gums
  • elevated pulse
  • copious reflux
  • several mildly distended SI loops
  • serosanguinous tap with slight elevation in TP; no elevation in TNCC
26
Q

Predisposing factors for mesenteric lipoma

A
  • horses over 15 years
  • geldings
27
Q

What structures border the epiploic foramen?

A
  • portal vein
  • vena cava
  • caudate process of liver
28
Q

What is the most common form of intussusception?

A

ileocecal

29
Q

What age of horses is at risk for intussusception?

A

young horses

30
Q

What are typical clinical signs for large intestinal strangulating obstructions?

A
  • consistent severe pain
  • pale gums
  • normal or elevated pulse
  • markedly distended colon
  • inconsistent tap results
31
Q

Maintenance fluid requirements for horse

A

50 ml/kg/day (~1L/hour)

32
Q

What are the three major types of intestinal lesions?

A
  • simple obstruction
  • strangulating obstructin
  • non-strangulating infarction
33
Q

Prognosis for simple obstructions

A
  • good for large colon simple obstruction
  • fair for SI, cecum, small colon
  • lower for foals
34
Q

Cause of ascarid impactions

A

foals on poor de-worming program that are suddenly de-wormed with a very effective dewormer; ascarids all die at once creating an obstructing mass

35
Q

Treatment of ileal hypertrophy

A

bypass the lesion with a jejuno-cecostomy

36
Q

What is the most common type of large colon obstruction?

A

pelvic flexure impactions

37
Q

Where does sand accumulate?

A

right dorsal & transverse colon

38
Q

In what region are enteroliths most common?

A

west coast

39
Q

What is an indication that there may be more enteroliths?

A

an enterolith with a flat side

40
Q

Prognosis for strangulating lesions

A

guarded; poor if horses present in shock

41
Q

How much small intestine can be resected without affecting horse’s ability to maintain condition?

A

up to 50%

42
Q

How much large colon can be resected? special considerations?

A

up to 95%; feed special diets

43
Q

Examples of strangulating obstruction of small intestine

A
  • inguinal hernias
  • strangulating umbilical hernias
  • epiploic foramen entrapment
  • strangulation by mesenteric lipomas
  • small intestinal volvulus
  • intussusceptions
44
Q

What is the cause of thromboembolic colic?

A

Strongylus vulgaris-induced thrombus formation in cranial mesenteric artery

45
Q

What antibiotics are common post-surgery

A

K-pen, gentamicin

46
Q

What are some postoperative complications that may be encountered?

A
  • recovery stall complications (fractures, airway obstruction, myositis)
  • ileus
  • incisional infections/dehiscence
  • adhesions
  • peritonitis
  • laminitis
47
Q

What is the difference between hemorrhagic strangulating obstruction and ischemic strangulating obstruction?

A

hemorrhagic: occlusion of arterial blood supply
ischemic: occlusion of arteries & veins simultaneously

48
Q

Breeds predisposed to inguinal hernias

A

Standardbreds, Saddlebreds, Tennessee Walking Horses

49
Q
A

Equine Med & Surgery (11 decks)

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