Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

153 > Colds 7.4 > Flashcards

Colds 7.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps of therapy

A
  1. Is this for yourself
    1. Bad enough to see a doctor: skip this step until you see the symptoms
    2. Isolate the most bothersome symptoms: tell me about whats happening
      - Dry coughs, productive cough, nasal congestion, feverish
      ……..
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

non medical measures with cough and cold

A

i) Chicken soup (someone else makes it)
ii) Rest fluids
iii) Humidity: helps chest and nose somewhat
iv) Propping child up in car seat for head colds (seems to help drain things rather then them laying down, but be safe)
v) Saline gargles/ nose drops/ irrigation
vi) – Suction: When does a kid need saline ver may not/ Saline: stuffed nose to loosen it up for the bulb No saline: runny nose so already loosened
vii) Nose mists and gels (what to use for kids and adults): use mist with kids and gel for adults when have a raspy nose from blowing it so much
viii) Irrigation (neti pots)
ix) Sinus rinses: efficacy of sinus rinses: Allergic rhinitis-> chronic sinus-> colds/// when to use plain saline vs a moisturizing: plain= applied to a congested nose… moisturizing: allow for it to maybe soothe the nose
x) Are nasal strips good? Not really kinda trash but can try it
xi) Methanol and camphor: hits cool receptors in passageways and the air now seems cooler but congestion is still there and air is still same temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does a child need saline or not

A

Saline: stuffed nose to loosen it up for the bulb No saline: runny nose so already loosened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sinus rinses

A

efficacy of sinus rinses: Allergic rhinitis-> chronic sinus-> colds/// when to use plain saline vs a moisturizing: plain= applied to a congested nose… moisturizing: allow for it to maybe soothe the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Methanol and camphor MOA

A

hits cool receptors in passageways and the air now seems cooler but congestion is still there and air is still same temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Drug therapy’s for cough and colds

A

i) Oral decongestants
ii) topical decongestants
iii) Analgesics
iv) cough suppressants
v) Antihistamines
vi) Expectorants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the Oral decongestants

A
  • Pseudoephedrine (pse)
    • Phenylpropanolamine (not used anymore)
      Phenylephrine (pe)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the topical decongestants

A
  • Oxymetazoline
    Xylometazoline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the analgesics

A
  • Acetaminophen
    Ibuprofen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the cough suppressants

A
  • DM
    • Codeine
    • Methol
    • Diphenhydramine
      Honey
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the Antihistamines

A
  • Chlorpheniramine
    Diphenhydramine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the Expectorant

A

Guaifenesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does zinc/ soap aid in fighting colds

A
  • Zinc not so much but soap yes works but how much do you wanna do it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do aromatic compounds (menthol/ camphor) do (vics)

A
  • Acts on cool receptors
    • Vapo rub can be used down to 2 years and the baby rub is safer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Decongestant mechanism of action

A
  • Noradrenalin-mediated decongestion
    • Alpha receptors can get hit by adrenalin
      The blood vessels were dilated and leaking which causes congestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Direct acting decongestant

A

goes right to the alpha receptors on the blood vessels
decongestant works by an alpha process of blood vessels, causes the
Blood vessels to shrink
- fast
- Direct acting works better as it stops at the site needed while inactive have more side effects as it goes everywhere
-only for nasal congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Indirect decongestant

A

same blood vessels that have a receptors, neurons are directing things
- Oral decongestants have a middle man, goes into stomach and is absorbed which is absorbed and some hits the neurons right next to blood vessel and makes noradrenalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Sudafed

A
  • contained pseudoephedrine
    - It is the best oral decongestant, can be used to make meth and was thought of putting behind counter so made another version which wasn’t as good
    - Both brand names are now gone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is there absorption differences between phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine

A
  • Yes there is due to mono amine oxidase (everyone has a different level of it in them)
    a) Phenylephrine (sudafed PE): MAO has a big influence on how much is absorbed, less bioavailable
    b) Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed): Didn’t care how much MAO you have and absorbed consistently, the amount that was given was absorbed
    - This is why it is better
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does MAO degrade

A

Noedranalin (NE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How to chose an oral vs topical decongestant

A

i) Preference
ii) Speed of onset (topical»>oral)
iii) Congestion+ other symptoms: Topicals need another agent, it only works for that specific thing
- Majority don’t buy two things for a cold
- Oral (syrups) can work for more then one symptom
iv) Side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Side effects of topical decongestants

A
  • Rebound congestion
    • Local irritation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Side effects of oral decongestants

A
  • CNS effects
    • Cardiovascular effects (bp, hr)
    • Increase in blood glucose
    • Angle closure glaucoma
    • Urinary retention/ prostate
    • Hyperthyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are decongestants related to

A
  • Adrenalin/ amphetamines
    • Is a stimulant so can have CNS effects
    • Like having caffeine at night but wont necessarily keep you up
    • Can get a buzz if you take enough (at 60 QID wont do much)
    • Amphetamines increase heart rate and blood pressure, as decongestants are distant cousins it hits the a receptors in the blood and heart if it is taken orally. Topically will stay localized but oral will be promiscuous and go to many different locations of a receptors
    • 3-5 blood pressure/ heart rate increase with orally decongestants
    • Avoid decongestants when people are on blood pressure/ cardiac patients (likely will not cause more damage but more legalistic and don’t use now as a student) can go topical if they are on blood pressure/ cardiac meds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why is Coricidin safe with people that have high blood pressure

A
  • Made it safe by taking the decongestant out
    • Does not help with contestants now
    • Useless for almost everyone that has a cold
    • NOT A GOOD MOOD WITH AVERAGE COLD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Oral decongestants in relation to increase in blood glucose (type 1/2 diabetes)

A
  • If given adrenalin blood glucose goes up as you need energy now
    - As a sister drug it also increases blood glucose
    - Not usually worried for a diabetic taking a decongestant
    A) Type 1: a bit more worries they don’t make their own insulin, can raise it but already monitor there blood pressure
    B) Type 2: eating to much and is environmental. Almost 0 impact with decongestants
      - Campfire is your bodies metabolism: type 1 means your on a sick day and more glucose will make higher blood glucose from the virus (bigger fire), if you throw a decongestant In it is like throwing a tiny stick on the fire: it will burn more but is not worried clinically
  i) Legalistic so use a decongestant with caution if have type 1 diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Can we recommend oral decongestants to type 1 diabetes

A

Legalistically we cant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oral agents in relation to hyperthyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism: supposed to not use with decongestants
- It is like being on adrenalin all the time
- If we add decongestant it is like adding a stick to the fire but however anyone that has clinically had hyperthyroidism they will be brought down to normal so there is almost no worries
- Hypothyroidism is more common and adding a decongestant does almost nothing

29
Q

Narrow angle glaucoma and normal glaucoma in relation with oral decongestants

A

a) Glaucoma: increased in interocular pressure (high BP in eye)
- Have to get the BP down in eye and use drops
- Main part is that the drainage system does work properly
- In angle closure: rarest form (when pupils dilate then you have much higher BP, acute jump)
- In normal glaucoma there is no issues
b) Within angle closure:
- Decongestants can cause pupils to dialate very lowly as adrenalin would do this

30
Q

Prostate side effects in relation to decongestants (oral)

A

prostate is full of a receptors
- Decongestants are a agonists
- There is many drugs that relax the prostate (can either use enzymes or block the a receptors)
- Decongestants stimulate a receptors which reverses other drug effects. Or even make there prostate more stimulated if there not on drugs
- Makes it harder to pee with a agonists (decongestants)

31
Q

Drug interactions between oral decongestants and MAOIs, SSRIs

A

a) MAOIs
- First anti depressants
- Have a lot of interactions
- The patients had a lot of neurotransmitters (adrenalin….) if we give an indirect decongestant then it kicks all of the noradrenalin out of the synaptic cleft and now you have caused a drug induced hyperthyroidism
- MAOIs are not in clinical aspects anymore
b) SSRIs
- Not to much interactions

32
Q

topical decongestants with angle closure glaucoma

A
  • Angle closure: rare, don’t dilate eyes from going into your nose but will be on the label just in case the agent can reach the eyes from the nose (not to worry about usually)
33
Q

Topical decongestants with rebound congestion

A
  • Rebound: Already have congestion from the cold: topical works for congestion and then get it again so use the agent again. If this rebound happens for longer then 3-5 days (conservative)
    - (the blood vessels bounce back to be even more dilated) if you do this enough times then the drug now can cause the congestion when it wears off and then you will use the topical again to relief this
    - This cycle continues
34
Q

Decongestants within pediatric use

A
  • No topical for children
    - They switched it to mild
    - Still don’t want kids under 6 using decongestants
    • Big push to nasal saline for children
35
Q

What are many different antitussives (Cough medication)

A

i) Opioids
- DM
- Codeine
- DH: hydrocodon
ii) Scents
- Camphor/ methol
iii) Honey
iv) DPH
- Diphenhydramine

36
Q

What are the centrally acting antitussives

A
  • DM
    • Codeine
    • DP
    • DPH
37
Q

Locally acting antitussives

A
  • In the throat
    • Honey
    • Menthol
    • Camphor
38
Q

When is it recommended to use antitussives

A

a) Congested/ productive:
- Let it run its course, we want this cough, also at night time so if they cant sleep we can give something at night time otherwise don’t give anything
b) congested/ non productive:
- we want let it go as it will eventually become productive, if we give a cough syrup is can hinder
c) Dry/ non productive:
- PND, influenza, can suppress it as it is not doing anything for the body

39
Q

Do DM and guaifenesin work together

A
  • No because DM is supposed to suppress it but guaifenesin is supposed to loosen things up. (however both don’t do a whole lot that have theoretical indication.
    • DM for only cough suppression, but if you want to loosen it up then you can add guaifenesin as it reportedly loosens the cough u
40
Q

Effectiveness of DM

A
  • DM is working basically the same as placebo
    - Can say it’s the best thing that we have as it doesn’t do to much
41
Q

What is the best thing we have for cough suppression

A
  • DM is the best thing that we have for cough suppression
    - Codeine needs to be metabolised (prodrug) to morphine
    - DM is already active when in the blood
42
Q

What is the issue with codeine

A
  • 2D6
    • Most Caucasians Extensive metabolizers
      • This allows us to give a specific amount
      • If it doesn’t work then they could be a poor
        Metabolizer
      • The person could get way to much morphine
        If they are an ultra rapid metabolizers
43
Q

Drug-drug interaction with DM/ codeine and antidepressants

A

DM and codeine might interact with high levels of antidepressants which push’s all of the serotonin out at the same time

44
Q

What is the concern with resp disorders (COPD, asthma) and cough suppressants

A
  • Concern as it lowers coughing and respiratory rate but highly unlikely to exacerbate these conditions
    - Black and white don’t give to these patients but in real world can
45
Q

Do we give cough suppressants to children

A
  • Codeine only adults
    • DM only down to 6 with lower dosing
46
Q

Do OTC codeine products have any value

A
  • Don’t have enough codeine to do anything
    • Subtherapeutic
47
Q

Is there a dose for honey

A

no

48
Q

Is honey better then DM or no treatment

A
  • They are all almost the same honey and DM are only a bit better then placebo
49
Q

Effectiveness of camphor/ menthol

A
  • Can be soothing at the back of the throat as it hits your cool receptors, a local effect rather then hitting cough receptors
50
Q

Effectiveness Diphenhydramine

A
  • First gen sedating anti histamine
    - Can also maybe help in cough
    - Also about the placebo level
    - Mostly pick DM for less sedation
    - Can give DPH for the sedation so they can sleep
    Though it
51
Q

Guaifenesin Mechanism of action

A
  • Irritates the esophagus and this irritates the goblets cells within the trachea through irritation
    - People think with cough meds there is less coughing but with this it could increase it as its supposed to loosen things up
52
Q

When to use guaifenesin

A
  • Don’t use it during congested-productive (if they really want something can give guaifenesin
    • Supposed to use during congested-non productive as it is supposed to loosen things up and generate a productive cough
      • It cant do anything for dry-non productive cough
        i) Use when congested/ non productive
53
Q

When to use guaifenesin + DM

A
  • Congested/ productive: usually nothing
    • Congested/ non productive: guaifenesin
    • Dry/ non productive: DM yes
54
Q

Safety in pediatrics for cough syrups

A
  • Anything for cough or cold don’t have guidelines so not supposed to give
    - For younger kids guaifenesin is the safest as it is only a local stimulation
55
Q

What are other expectorants

A
  • Water/ humidity
    • Nin jiom : An expectorant
      • All herbal old time meds and might be doing something we don’t know
56
Q

Buckwheat honey

A
  • Very safe but unsure about effectiveness
57
Q

Ivy leaf extract

A
  • Old time meds
    - Does not work
    - Has less evidence then honey
    - But a parent doing something is better then nothing
58
Q

Is there much release of Histamine In the cold

A

Not a big player in the common cold

59
Q

Indication of antihistamine

A
  • Less sneezing, rhinorrhea (makes PND lower)
    • Less in common cold more in allergic rhinitis
60
Q

Lozenges and sprays in the common cold

A
  • Menthol
    • Phenol/ declonine/ benzocaine: reduce pain??
    • Antiseptics (slows or stops the growth of disease causing microorganisms): not needed
61
Q

Benefit of zinc lozenges

A
  • May help but almost always going to be subtherapeutic
    • Helps with immune system/ phagocytosis
62
Q

Echinacea

A
  • Claimed to stimulate the immune system
    • Used for prevention more then treatment
    • Safe but not super effective
63
Q

Cold FX

A
  • Sold like crazy and a money grab
    • Has ginseng
64
Q

Homeopathy

A

Uses things that induce the symptoms and then dilute it very much and somehow backtracks to preventing or treating these symptoms

65
Q

Vitamin C and the common cold

A
  • Not useful for common cold but don’t try to convince people
    - Need about 80-100mg but most packages have 500mg
66
Q

Vitamin D and the common cold

A
  • Lots of hope but does not prevent the common cold and definitely doesn’t treat it
67
Q

Antibiotics and the common cold

A
  • Lots of promise
    • More for prevention then treatment
    • Don’t know which strain to use or when
68
Q

Analgesics use in the common cold

A
  • Sore throat, fever, muscle aches, headache
69
Q

Topical nasal steroids

A
  • This is localized to the nose, could reduce congestion
    - Many people think topical steroids take a very long to become effective but it usually happens from 1-3 days
    - Very safe

153 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions