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cold war section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the Tehran Conference

A

28 Nov-1 Dec 1943

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2
Q

what were the desicions made at the tehran conference

A

1.Britain and Usa would open a second front by invading Nazi occupied France in May 1944
2.Soviet Union will declare war on France once Germany was defeated
3.A UN was to be set up after the war
4.Stalin was promised back the lands he lost to Poland
5.Ussr and america+britain will each have there own sphere of influence

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3
Q

impact of the tehran conference (1)

A

1.Eased tensions as before Stalin was afraid that USA
+UK were deliberately delaying opening up a second front to further weaken the SU but that was disproved

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4
Q

when was the Yalta Conference

A

4-11 Feb 1945

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5
Q

what was agreed upon at the yalta conference (5)

A

1.Stalin agreed to let Russian troops help America defeat Japan once Hitler had been defeated
2.’Declaration of Liberated Europe’ committed the USSR,USA,UK to work together for democracy in Europe
3.All agreed to set up UN commited to maintaining peace
4.Restated there sphere of influence agreement
5.Future Germany will be split into four zones later decided that Berlin will be split in four as well

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6
Q

what were the disagreement at the yalta conference

A
  1. Reparations for Germany. Stalin wanted to cripple Germany so they could never start a war again but Churchill argued that it’s harsh punishment would spark up a war again. A figure of 20 billion dollars was put forward
  2. Stalin promised free elections in lands Soviet army occupied but had no intention of doing so, just wanted to acquire more land
  3. Disagreement of each allies version of democracy.
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7
Q

when was Potsdam confernce

A

17 July - 2 August 1945

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8
Q

what was the change in circumstances before yalta

A

1.Germany defeated in May 1945
2.Scientists in USA developed first atomic bomb
3.UN created in June 1945 in the Treaty of San Fransico

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9
Q

who were the change in personnel

A

1.Roosevelt>Truman
2.Churchill>Attlee

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10
Q

what did they agree on at the yalta conference

A

1.ban+dissolve Nazi party
2.free elections,speech and press
3.Germany split into four with France,USA,UK,USSR all getting a piece
3.Germany de-militarised.All German naval+merchant ships given to allies

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11
Q

what did they disagree at yalta conference

A

1.Reperations
-an amount couldn’t be decided so they decided each ally will do what they want with the area they control.Unfair as USSR section was poorer than the West so they gave them a quarter of their industrial equipment in return for East German raw materials
2.Eastern Europe
-Stalin wanted control of Eastern Europe as a defensive measure but Truman saw that as an act of communist aggression
3.Atomic Bomb
-to assert his authority Truman deliberately delayed the meeting for America

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12
Q

what was the war of words

A

Churchill’s Iron Curtain -March 1946
>’an iron curtain curtain has descended across the continent’
Stalins repsonse-March 1946
>’Mr Churchill and his friends bear a striking resemblance to Hitler and his friends.’

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13
Q

what was the American secret telegram (3)

A

Long telegram 1946-Truman
>reported that stalin has given a speech calling for the destruction of capitalism
>no peace with the USSR while it was opposed to capitalism
>they were building up there military power

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14
Q

what was the USSR secret telegram
(3)

A

Novikov’s Telegram 1946
>America wanted to dominate the world
>After Truman died they no longer intended to work with the USSR
>American public was being prepared for war with the UUSR

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15
Q

what is a satellite state

A

a country that is officially independent but in reality controlled by another country

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16
Q

three examples of satellite states

A

Hungary,Czechoslovakia,Poland

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17
Q

Why did truman have an issue with Stalin having satellite states

A

Stalin had satellite states as a useful buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany to prevent Germany from invading them for the third time.But instead truman saw this as them tryna spread communism worldwide

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18
Q

When was the Truman Doctrine created

A

1947

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19
Q

What was the Truman doctrine

A

America would send troops + economic resources to help governments that were threatened by communists as communism should not be allowed to grow and gain territory

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20
Q

When was the Marshall Plan created

A

1947

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21
Q

What was the significance of the Truman doctrine

A

Ended Americas period of isolationism
Divided the world into two clear ideologies: communism and capitalism thus the unofficial end of the Grand Alliance
Shows America was committed to containment

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22
Q

What did Comiform stand for and when was it made

A

The Communist Information Bureau 1947

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23
Q

why was the marshall plan and truman doctrine created

A

The idea of communism seemed very appealing to countries who were economically struggling after WW2 as the ideas of sharing resources was very nice.So America wanted to combat that

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24
Q

what was the marshall plan

A

the commitment of $13 billion dollars of American money to rebuilding the devasted economies of Europe.

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25
Q

What did you have to do in order to qualify for the Marshall Plan

A

European countries had to agree to freely trade with America

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26
Q

What did Stalin refer to the Marshall Plan as

A

Dollar imperialism.America buying influence of other European countries

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27
Q

What were the initial reactions to the Marshall Plan

A

1.European countries met at the Paris conference in 1948 to discuss and many countries were keen to accept.However USSR outraged and walked out of meeting stating America was purposely trying to divide Europe into two camps
2.Stalin extended his control over Eastern Europe by creating satellite states

28
Q

Was the impact of the Truman Doctrine + Marshall Plan on relations

A

End of Grand Alliance
Stalins suspicions of the West reinforced
Successfully tied Western European countries into supporting the USA

29
Q

What was Comiform

A

An international organisation that represented the communist parties across Europe and brought them together under the direction of the USSR
Also used to ensure the loyalty of Eastern European governments and this by investigating government minister and employees and removing all of those who were not totally loyal to Stalin

30
Q

What did Comecon stand for and when was it made

A

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 1949

31
Q

What did Comecon do

A

Minimised American influence in Eastern Europe + USSR
Economically it ensured that the benefits of economic recovery in EE remained with the Soviet ‘sphere of influence’
>Bulgaria’s trade with other comecon member increased form 10-90% in 1951

32
Q

What is trizonia

A

First known as bizonia , the zones belonging to USA,UK and France running as one zone
They had their own constitution and currency called Deutschmark

33
Q

What was the issue with trizonia

A

Stalin was not consulted about any of this and saw this as the first step towards permanently dividing Germany

34
Q

Why did Stalin not want a divided Germany

A

Did not want to allow America to have even more influence over Germany
Most of Germany’s most valuable economic resources were in the West and feared that they would be used against the USSR in a war

35
Q

when was the berlin blockade

A

June 1948-January 1949

36
Q

Why did the Berlin Blockade happen

A

To prevent a seperate state Stalin

37
Q

what happened in the berlin blockade

A

Cut west Germany off from its capital so that the new government which was based in Berlin could not control its territory in western Germany

38
Q

What was the response to the Berlin Blockade

A

The Berlin Airlift

39
Q

What are some figures from the berlin airlift

A

America- 600-700 tonnes of food and supplies daily
Britain-provided over 170,000 tonnes of supplies during Jan 1949

40
Q

How did the blockade make each side look

A

Truman=peacful
Stalin=aggressive

41
Q

When did the airlift end

A

May 1949

42
Q

What was the consequence of the airlift

A

Seperation of East and West Germany

43
Q

What was west germany called

A

Federal Republic of Germany

44
Q

what was East Germany called

A

German Democratic Republic

45
Q

When was NATO created and what was it a consequence of

A

April 1949
consequence of Berlin Blockade

46
Q

What does NATO stand for and whats its purpose

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
a military alliance where all NATO agreed that should any NATO member come under attack then all NATO members would come to their defence.

47
Q

what was the importance of NATO

A

it was a military alliance with the specific aim of defending the west against the spread of communism

48
Q

When was the Warsaw Pact created

A

May 1955

49
Q

What was the Warsaw Pact a consequence of

A

After West Germany was allowed to join NATO

50
Q

What was the Warsaw Pacts important features

A

It created a joint command of the armed forces of the alliance.
It set up a Political Committee to co-ordinate the foreign policies of the members.
It bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign
aggression. This was no different to NATO.

51
Q

What was the importance of the Warsaw Pact

A

increased the influence of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and led to more Soviet troops being stationed
there.
the Pact quickly became a powerful political tool for
the Soviet Union to hold sway over its allies and harness the powers of their combined military.

52
Q

Key figures in the arms race

A

1945-USA develops the atomic bomb
1949-SU create atomic bomb
1952-USA develop hydrogen bomb-1000 times more stronger than atomic
1953-SU develop hydrogen bomb
1957-USA develop ICBM(Inter-continental Ballistic Missile)-could fire nuclear warhead at a target 3000 miles away
1957-SU testing for its first ICBM

53
Q

Why was the arms race significant

A

it prevented a war in Europe as each side was scared of the other sides nuclear weapon.

54
Q

what was the change in leadership in 1953

A

truman-eisenhower
stalin-kruschev

55
Q

why was Stalins death a turning point in the cold war

A

ended stalinsim-inordinately oppressing people

56
Q

what sparked the Hungarian uprising

A

Krushchevs Secret Speech 1956 where he promised an end to Stalinism throughout the entire Soviet sphere of influence

57
Q

How did people protest in Hungary

A

student rioted and attacked Soviet troops with petrol bombs and grenades.Despite the fact that it is illegal to demonstrate mass demonstrations took place in Budapest countries capital.Demonstrations> voilence,police lost control and similar protests began to occur in Hungary other major cities

58
Q

WHo did krushchev put in charge instead

A

Imre Nagy

59
Q

What were Nagys reforms

A

Hungary should leave the Warsaw Pact and become neutral.
Communist government in Hungary should end.
Hungary should become a Western-style democracy with free elections.
Hungary should ask the UN for protection from Russia.

60
Q

What was the consequence of Nagy’s reform

A

Ended alliance with USSR
Invasion of Hungary with 200,000 USSR troops in November 1956,Lasted two weeks and around 20,000 Hungarians killed and another 200,000 escaped to Austria
Nagy goverment destroyed

61
Q

Why did Krushchev respond with force

A

realised that if Hungary was allowed to leave the Warsaw Pact then other Eastern European countries might soon ask for the same thing. In fact, Khrushchev had access to secret information that said that discontent with communism was widespread across Eastern Europe and these reports reinforced his view that allowing greater freedom for these unhappy countries would mean an end to Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe.

62
Q

What happened to Nagy afterward

A

Nagy sought protection within the Yugoslavian embassy and although the Yugoslavian ambassador agreed that Nagy
was free to leave Hungary, as soon as Nagy left the embassy he was arrested by Soviet troops. He was accused of
treason and was found guilty in a trial, overseen by Khrushchev. He was hanged in June 1958 and following his
execution Khrushchev stated that Nagy’s fate was “a lesson to the leaders of all socialist countries”.

63
Q

How did the SU reassert control

A

Janos Kadar became new leader
He published a 15 point programme setting out his new government direction which included:
-using Hungarian troops to stop attacks on Soviet forces
-Remaining part of Warsaw Pact
-Negotiating withdrawal of Soviet troops once crisis was over

64
Q

What was the international reaction to the Hungarian Uprising

A

Although America openly encouraged the uprising they offered no military aid to prevent the outbreak of nuclear war.Proved its commitment to liberating Europe from communism did not include military support.

65
Q

Why was the Hungarian Uprising important on public relations

A

The Hungarian Uprising made Khrushchev’s position in the Soviet Union much stronger and gave him a stronger position in the Warsaw Pact.
Members now knew they must do as they were told. If they rebelled,
They could not expect military support from the USA. Khrushchev also became more confident in dealing with the
USA because he now knew they were unlikely to risk taking military action. Kruschev’s actions had further soured
relations.

history (16 decks)

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