cold war part 2 Flashcards
Paul Nitze
head of NSC and delivered NSC 68 to Truman
NSC 68
US needs to change containment policy
- US is the only country that can contain communism
- scope of containment must be global
- use of force must remain a reliable option
- increase military expenditures x4
domino theory
if smaller countries fall to communism their neighboring countries will too.
Krushchev’s New course
Peaceful coexistence
- conflict between East and West is avoidable
- capitalism and communism need to cooperate
- capitalism will die out on its own
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State of Eisenhower. very anti communist
Eisenhower’s new look
“roll back” communism = more than just containment
- “massive retaliation”- huge stock of nuclear weapons so USSR would dare attack
- proactively containing communism with SEATO and METO/SENTO
- extensive use of CIA
- Brinkmanship - war as close as possible but not actually get into war.
UN resolution 181
“the partition resolution”
Israel was created=ally=strategic anti communist beachhead @Eastern Med force
Results in Blowback - radical muslim organizations
operation ajax
led by allen dulles
In 1953, Kermit Roosevelt was sent to coordinate the toppling of the democratically elected government (led by Mohammed Mosaddegh) because they were trying to nationalize their oil.
Mosaddegh was imprisoned and sent into exile.
The CIA implemented Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, who was anti communist.
He also violated human rights in the country and established a dictatorship for 25 years.
Geneva Conference
1954 divided Vietnam at 17th parallel
Killian report
James Killian
Report for Eisenhower
“the US’s defenses are not in as good shape as we thought they were”.
The USSR leads in long-range rocketry
The USSR will secure a nuclear deterrent soon
The US’s nuclear superiority will not endure longer than the next 3-5 years
Geneva Summit
1955
first meeting since ‘45
USSR: Disband nato and warsaw, foreign troop withdrawal from Europe, re-unified Germany w/ free elections
US: “open skies” and exchange of military plans
Secret Speech
“Kruschev Thaw”
destalinization
non aligned movement
“third world” Alfred Saovy
from French estates “third class”
5 pillars
By Indian PM Jawaharal Mehrv
1) respect territorial integrity
2) mutual non-aggression
3) mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
4) equally and mutual benefit
5) peaceful co-esxistence
Bandung
1955
29 states from Asia and Africa invited by PM Sukarno (Indonesia) to promote economic and cultural cooperation
Sputnik
23 inches and a sign hat US was starting to fall behind space race
Great Leap Forward
Mao’s version of Stalin’s 5 year plan
Forced farmers to work in industry “pig iron”
Led to great Chinese famine and killed 18 million to 40 million
Fidel Castro
attacked Moncada army barracks but captured and exiled “history will absolve me”
Kitchen Debate
Showcase American life to Soviet
Public Law 86-90
“Captive Nations Resolution” where it called upon the US citizens to pray for the people under communist regimes
U-2 Spy Plane
Soviet shots down plane but US denies spying. Franncis Geary Powers is captured and confessed.
Embarrassed Eisenhower and krushchev left summit
Military Industrial Complex
1961
Eisenhower’s farewell speech. Advised public to watch out for heavy military influence in the future
Flexible Response
1961
JFK is aggressive like war hawk
opposite of Eisenhower’s MIC
“Why England Slept”
father joseph kennedy appeased ww2
criticizes appeasement, wanted to separate from father’s ideas
“Best and Brightest”
JFK’s ivy leaguers officials = young officials to “out smart” soviets
Bay of Pigs
April 1961
Kennedy appoints Allen rules and CIA to train exiled Cuban batistas to topple Fidel castros’ communism
Florida, Mexico, panama, sierra Madre mtns
Operation PBSUCCESS
US AAIR FORCE PAINTED LOKE CUBAN PLANES BOMB 3 airfield to take out castros Air Force. Not all planes destroyed
“Phony invasion”
To distract Castro from April 17th brigade.
Brigade 2506 leads 1400 revolutionaries on Bay of Pigs
Casronsends 25000 troops to trap them with Che’s 100,000 militia
US involvement in Bay of Pigs
Revolutionaries ask for US force but US refuses bc of fear of soviet response
US pays $53 million in food and equipment to Fidel in exchange for some captured militia
Bay of Pigs result
Over 100 killed, 1200/1400 captured
Castro goes to Kurshchev for support
Cuba expelled from organization of American states
Split between Che and Castro bc Che wanted support from Mao and Castro wanted support for protection
Vienna Summit
June 1961
1st meeting of Khrushchev and JFK
Discussed future of Berlin and nuclear proliferation
Khrushchev undermines JFK
