Cold war Flashcards
What was the alliance called between USA ,USSR and UK?
The Grand Alliance
When was the Grand Alliance formed?
1941
Why was the Grand Alliance formed?
To defeat Nazi Germany
What year was the Tehran conference?
1943
What year was the Yalta conference?
1945
What year was the Potsdam conference?
1945
What did Nazi Germany say about the Grand Alliance?
The Grand Alliance was a ‘marriage of convenience’ , in which three countries shared the aim of defeating their common enemy
What was agreed at The Tehran Conference?
- The USA and UK agreed to open up a second front by invading Nazi occupied Europe
- The Soviet Union would declare war on Japan once Germany was defeated
- The boundaries of Poland would be moved west. Poland would lose territory USSR and gain some from germany
- They set up the would set up the UN
What was agreed at the Yalta conference?
- Germany would be reduced in size when it was defeated,divided and demilitarised. It would have to pay reparations
- Europe would be rebuilt along the lines of the Atlantic Charter. Countries would have democratic elections.
- The UN was set up
- The USSR would declare war on Japan once Germany was defeated
- Poland would be in the ‘Soviet sphere of influence’ but run on a broader democracy
What was agreed at the Potsdam conference?
- A Council of Foreign Ministers was set up to organise the rebuilding of Europe
- The Nazi party was banned and war criminals were punished
- Germany was reduced in size and divided into four zones of occupation run by Britain, France, the USA and USSR
- Berlin was also to be divided up into zones of occupation
- The USSR was receive 25% of the output from the other three occupied zones
The outcome of the conferences between the Grand Alliance?
Their differences where starting to emerge
What is the definition ideology?
A set of political ideas about how society should be run
What did USA, Britain and other capitalist countries say about communism?
Communism enslaved people to the state
What did the USSR and other communist countries say about capitalism?
Capitalism exploited the workers to make the rich even richer. Communism was based on fairness
What was the Long Telegram?
A secret report from the US ambassador Kennan in Moscow to President Truman
What did the Long Telegram say?
- The USSR saw capitalism as a threat to communism that had to be destroyed
- The USSR was building its military power
- Peace between a communist USSR and a capitalist USA was not possible
What was Novikov’s telegram (1946)?
A report from Novikov, Soviet ambassador the the USA
What was said in Novikov’s telegram?
- The USA wanted world domination and was building up its military strength
- The Soviet Union was the only country left after the war that could stand up to the USA
- The USA was preparing its people for the war with the Soviet Union
What two things made the relations between the superpowers worse?
- Ideologis
- The atomic bomb
What did the USA see the USSR as a threat to?
Their economy
What did the USSR see the USA as a threat to?
Nuclear military
When did the USSR create the Satellite States?
1947-49
What did the USSR think would happen in the free elections in their Satellite States?
People would vote for communism
What did the communist parties do once in power in the Satellite States?
Shut down the opposite parties and each country become a single-party state.(‘Salami tactics’)
How did Bulgaria become communist?
A communist government was elected in 1945, and all elected non-communists were executed
How did Romania become communist?
A communist-led coalition took power. However, by 1947 the communist had taken over and Romania became a one-party state
How did Poland become communist?
At Yalta Stalin promised to set up a joint communist/non-communist government. Stalin then invited 16 non-communist leaders to Moscow and arrested them. Thousands of non-communist were arrested. The communists then ‘won’ the 1947
How did Hungary become communist?
The communists lost the 1945 election but the communist leader Rakosi took control of the secret police,executed and imprisoned his opponents and turned Hungary into a communist state
How did East Germany become communist?
The original Soviet zone of occupation in Germany, it became a communist state in October 1949
What was 4 impact of the USSR taking of East Germany on the super power relations?
- The USA saw the USSR takeover East Germany as a betrayal of Yalta agreement, in which Stalin had made promises about holding democratic elections
- Others saw it as evidence of Soviet expansion: Eastern Europe was a stepping-stone to a Soviet takeover of Western Europe
- The USA was determined to contain communism through military and economic assistance: the Truman and marshall Aid
- The USSR argued it needed to control Eastern Europe as a buffer zone, protecting it from attack from the West. The US response was unnecessary
Why did events in Greece change US policy?
Truman was informed in 1947 that GB could no longer afford to keep troops in Greece & Turkey. If GB withdrew these countries could well come under the influence of Stalin. truman therefore paid for the troops to be kept there and gave financial backing to the two countries. This was the beginning of the US policy of CONTAINMENT
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Truman announced this change of policy from isolation to containment to the world in a speech in March 1947- he made it clear that the US was prepared to assist any country under the threat of communism. Truman said choosing democracy over communism was like choosing good over evil. The USA would send troops and money to stop communism spreading. This was known as containment
Why were people in the satellite states of Hungary unhappy by 1956?
- Lack of political freedom
- Fuel shortages
- Poor harvests
Who replaced the Hungarian Prime Minister Rakosi in 1956?
Imre Nagy (Khrushchev hoped he would improve things in Hungary)
What did Nagy announce 1st November 1956?
He would withdraw Hungary form the Warsaw pact
What happened during the Hungarian uprising?
- Krushchev could not accept that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
- On 4th November 1956 his Soviet army invaded Hungary-1,000 tanks rolled into Budapest
- Nagy begged the West for support but none came
- up to 20,000 Hungarians were killed
- A pro-communist government was set up under Kadar
- Despite being offered safe passage out of Yugoslavia, Nagy was tried and executed
How did other countries respond to the Soviet union invasion of hungary?
Although Radio free Europe, as US-government funded radio station had been urging people of Eastern Europe to rebel against communism, no military support was offered by the USA. The USA was not prepared to interfere in the affairs of an existing communist country
what was the impact of the Hungarian uprising on international relations?
- Khrushchev’s position in the Soviet Union was more secure
- Warsaw Pact members now knew they had to do what the USSR
- Khrushchev was more confident dealing with the USA as he knew they would probably not take military action
- The West looked bad-they had not offered military support to Hungary
- Relations between the USA and USSR got worse again as the USA condemned the Soviet Union invasion of Hungary
What year was the Hungarian uprising?
1956
What did Krushchev think of Nagy
He didn’t like him
What were the consequences of the Soviet invasion of Hungary
- Over 5000 Hungarians were killed as a result of the invasion, including around 1000 Soviet troops. Many Hungarian soldiers loyal to Nagy and the revolution fought against Soviet troops
- Nagy and his government were deposed
- Imre Nagy was arrested, tried and executed. Krushchev wanted to prevent rebellions in other communist countries, such as Poland, and hoped he could do so by making an example of Nagy
- A new leader, Janos Kadar, was appointed. He introduced the Fifteen Point Programme
After the war how many parts was Germany split into
Four
After the war how many parts was Berlin split into
Four
Who owned the four sections of Germany
France
The UK
The USA
The USSR
What was the outcome of the Geneva summit ( May 1959), involving foreign representatives only
No solution agreed but a further summit organised for Camp David in the USA
Camp David (Sept 1959), involving Eisenhower and Krushchev
No solution agreed u a further meeting arranged in Paris
Paris Summit (May 1960), involving Eisenhower and Krushchev
A disaster. Krushchev stormed out because the Soviet Union had shot down a US spy plane over Russia
Vienna Conference (Jan 1961), involving Kennedy and Krushchev
Neither was willing to back down. Krushchev saw Kennedy’s inexperience as a weakness and reissued his ultimatum for the USA to remove its troop from Berlin
What did the Cia tell Kennedy regarding The Bay of Pigs
- The invasion will like like a Cuban revolt - we’ve trained Cuban exiles and disguised old US planes as Cuban
- Castro’s control of Cuba is very weak
- Most Cubans hate Castro
What actually happened with The Bay of Pigs
- The planes were recognised as US planes and photographed, and the information was published. The world knew that the USA had backed the invasion
- In fact, Castro knew of the invasion in advance and 1400 US-backed troops met 20 000 of Castro’s troops. The US-backed troops surrendered
- In fact, most Cubans didn’t want their old leader, Batista, back again, because he had been corrupt
What was the impact of Soviet rule over Czechoslovakia
- Czechoslovakia’s economy and living standards declined
- Any opposition to communism was crushed
- Communist rule became very unpopular
When did Alexander Dubček become Czechoslovakia leader
January 1968
Why was the Berlin Wall built
- Khrushchev backed down: as he knew he couldn’t win a nuclear war
- Western powers stayed in Berlin
- Instead, the Berlin Wall was built (from August 1961)
- Anyone trying to escape was shot at. Many people were killed
- The wall stopped East Germans leaving for the West, which solved the crisis
- This way, Khrushchev avoided war with USA but still looked strong
When did they start building the Berlin Wall
August 1961
How did Brezhnev respond to Dubček reforms
- Brezhnev could not allow the reforms, as any weakness in control could mean the break-up of the Warsaw Pact - even though this wasn’t Dubček intention
- Brezhnev failed to convince Dubček to stop the reforms
- In August 1968, the Soviet Union sent tanks to Prague and Dubček was arrested
- Czechoslavakia returned to being under strict Soviet control under Gustav Husak. This was known as ‘normalisation’
Consequences of the Brezhnev Doctrine
- From now on, the Soviet Union declared the right to invade any Eastern bloc country that was threatening the security of the Eastern bloc as a whole
- The USA condemned the invasion but did nothing to stop it: it feared war
What was the importance of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia was important because the Brezhnev Doctrine meant that the Soviet Union reserved the right to invade any country that threatened the security of the Eastern bloc. Therefore, other East European states, such as Poland or Hungary, were required to rigidly stick to Soviet - style communism, or risk invasion themselves
What were the impacts of the Berlin Wall?
- After the Berlin Wall went up in 1961, Western (British, US, and French) troops remained in Berlin
- The Wall solved the refugee problem, as East Germans could no longer travel to West Germany
- The number of military alerts in Berlin declined as a result of the construction of the Wall. President Kennedy commented that, although not a nice solution, a wall was at least better than a war. The Wall seemed to suggest that the Soviets were no longer interested in unifying Berlin under communist rule, as Khrushchev had originally demanded in November 1958
- The Wall was a humiliation for the Soviet Union and a propaganda victory for the West, as it suggested that East Germans preferred living in capitalist West Germany and had to be forced to stay in communist East Germany
- The wall was a notorious barrier between the freedoms enjoyed by West Berliners and those denied to East Berliners. It meant West Berlin became an enduring symbol of freedom. this was highlighted further by the fact that over 200 people lost their lives trying to cross the Wall
- Khrushchev mistakenly thought that Kennedy had shown weakness by allowing the Wall to be built, and this encouraged him to think about deploying missiles in Cuba
What were the short-term impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Communist Cuba survived as Kennedy gave assurances the USA would not invade Cuba again
- The Soviet Union looked weak, as the world didn’t know the USA had removed missiles from Turkey. This undermined Khrushchev and Brezhnev replaced him as Soviet leader in 1964
- US ‘doves’ came out well, as their desire to avoid war resulted in the missiles being withdrawn
What were long-term consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis
- The Hotline Agreement created a direct communication link between Washington and Moscow
- Limited Test Ban Treaty ( August 1963) - both sides agreed to ban all nuclear weapon testing except for underground tests
- In 1963 Kennedy gave a speech about working with the Soviet Union to focus on their ‘Common interests’t
- However, the Soviet Union was determined to catch up with USA in the arms race and achieved this by 1965. This meant Mutually Assured Destruction must be avoided at all costs
- The USA and Soviet Union also signed the Outer Space Treaty in 1967, which limited the deployment of nuclear weapons in space, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968, which prevented nuclear weapons being given to other countries
What was the impact on the west to the Soviet measures in Czechoslovakia
- The USA and West Germany condemned the invasion and the Brezhnev Doctrine that followed it. The Soviet invasion was even described as ‘the rape of Czechoslovakia’
- However, the USA and West Germany offered no military support or assistance. The United States was already bogged down in the Vietnam War and also didn’t want to provoke an international crisis
- Communist leaders,such as Jacques Duclos in France and Enrico Berliner in Italy, were appalled by the invasion, France and Italy therefore began to end their links with the Soviet Union
What was the impact on the east to the Soviet measures in Czechoslovakia
- The invasion ad the Brezhnev Doctrine limited reforms in other Eastern bloc countries who feared a Soviet invasion
- Countries such as Poland pursued policies that ignored public opinion, which increasingly demanded change. This led to public protests
- The invasion strengthened Soviet control over the Eastern bloc as they could use military force to ensure their dominance
- Yet the crisis also exposed differences in the Eastern bloc. Both Roumania (led by Nicolae Ceausescu) and Yugoslavia (led by Josp Broz Tito) condemned the invasion and signed alliances with communist China, dividing the communist world
What was in SALT 1
Superpowers agreed to limit the number of nuclear weapons they had
- No further production of strategic ballistic weapons (short-range, lightweight missiles).
- No increase in number of intercontinental ballistic weapons (ICBMs) (though new ones could be added to replace old ones)
- No new nuclear missile launchers. New submarines that could launch nuclear weapons (SLBMs) only allowed as replacements for existing missile launchers
- The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty limited both sides to two ABM deployment areas
What were the pros and cons of how effective SALT 1 was
- Slowed down the arms race by placing limits on the number of bombers, ICBMs and SLBMs each side could have
- Led to further negotiations that culminated in SALT 2 Treaty in 1979
- Ensured that neither side had a decisive advantage in strategic nuclear weapons
- Didn’t cover intermediate nuclear weapons, which both sides continued to deploy in Europe during the late 1970s
What was the importance of the Helsinki agreement
- Helped the USA and the USSR form a stable relationship
- Represented the high point of detente
- Coincided with more US-Soviet cooperation like the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975) - a joint space mission- and trade agreements
What were the limits of the Helsinki agreement
- The USSR continued to focus on Eastern bloc countries and to apply the Brezhnev Doctrine. It treated dissidents (protesters) harshly; scientist Alexander Sakharov was arrested, hospitalised and force-fed
- The USA continued to priorities its interests in countries it could influence, like Chile and El Salvador
What was in SALT 2
- Under negotiation since 1972
- Based on the Vladivostok Accords (1974)- agreements between between US and Soviet governments
- Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and US President Jimmy Carter signed the agreement in Vienna in June 1979
- Each superpower limited to 2250 warheads. SALT 2 counted warheads while SALT 1 simply counted missiles and bombers
- Imposed limits on new launch systems including munition-warheads missiles
Why did SALT 2 fail
- Some West Germany politicians opposed the treaty, as they feared it weakened the defence of West Germany. They thought that after the treaty, the USA would be less likely to use its nuclear weapons if West Germany was attacked by the USSR
- Some US politicians thought the treaty made too many concession to the USSR
- US-soviet relations soured after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. This meant the US Senate never ratified (approved) the treaty, so it never became official US policy
When did Ronald Reagan become president
1981
Who became leader of the USSR in 1985
Mihail Gorbachev
When did Mihail Gorbachev become leader of the USSR
1985
What was the significance of Gorbachev’s and Reagan’s change in attitudes
- They represented an easing of Cold War tensions
- Led to greater cooperation between the USA and the USSR
- Let to arms control agreements, the INF Treaty and START I
What happened with Reykjavik in October 1986
- Reagan and Gorbachev said they would work to cut down the number of nuclear weapons they had
- Gorbachev wanted an end to Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) - Reagan’s plan to have satellites in space to destroy nuclear missiles. However, Reagan didn’t agree to this
What did the INF treaty do
It got rid of all 500-5500km nuclear missiles each superpower had- better than SALT 1. The INF Treaty largely applied in Europe, where most of these missiles were deployed
What is background information about the invasion of Afghanistan
In 1968 the Soviet Union sent tanks into Czechoslovakia to put down the Prague Spring. The USA condemned this, but didn’t do anything. In 1979, the Soviet Union sent troops into Afghanistan, a country with a communist government, to take control after the president was assassinated. This time the USA reacted very strongly
Explain the process of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
- The USSR saw Afghanistan as in its sphere of influence, as it was bordering the USSR. This meant President Taraki’s government had to be communist and Soviet-backed
- When President Taraki was assassinated during civil war and replaced by Hafizullah Amin, the USSR felt its influence in Afghanistan was threatend
- Brezhnev ordered Soviet troops to invade Afghaniatan in December 1979. Barbrak Karmal was made president and Amin and many of his supporters were killed
- Soviet troops had to remain in the country to keep Karmal in power Afghan rebels known as the Mujahideen resisted these troop
- Breazhnev believed wrongly that the USA and its president, Jimmy Carter, would not object to the invasion
Why was Carter worried about the invasion of Afghanistan
- The USA was worried that the Soviet Union would get more control in the Middle East
- A successful invasion of Afghanistan might mean Soviet influence in Iran
- Iran could block Middle East oil exports at the Straits of Hormuz. Middle East oil was essential to the USA’s prosperity
What action did Jimmy Carter take regarding the Carter Doctrine January 1980
- He threatened to use force if the USSR attempted to take control of the Persian Gulf
- The US imposed economic actions- there would be no trade with the USSR. This meant the USA would no longer export grain to or import oil from the USSR
- The USA and its allies, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, security provided assistance to the Mujahideen. This meant the USA and its allies were directly backing a war against the USSR in Afghanistan
- In this way the USA ceased cooperating with the USSR and began to confront it instead
When did the USA boycott the Olympics
1980
When did the USSR boycott the Olympics
1984
What were the consequences of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan for the USA
- The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan persuaded many Americans that the USSR could not be trusted
- This helped lead to the electrition of President Reagan in November 1980. He was an anti-communist with a hard-line (tough) attitude towards the USSR
What were the consequences of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan for the USSR
- USSR troops remained in Afghanistan, to keep Barbrak Karmal in power
- These troops came under repeated attack from the Mujahideen, leading to rising casualties on both sides
- Pressure was put n the Soviet leadership to end the increasing unpopular war
Why did relations between the USA and USSR get worse between 1979 and 1984
- The olympic boycott
- The election of President Reagan, who was very anti-communist
- Increased military expenditure on missiles and the USA’s Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI):the Soviet Union retaliated but could not keep up with the USA, as its economy was much smaller
- The on-going war following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
- The breakdown of the Salt 2 arms control negotiations
- The shooting down of KAL007 in September 1983
What was SDI
A plan to have satellites, lasers and mirrors in space that would destroy Soviet intercontinental nuclear missiles before they reach the USA
What were the reasons why Gorbachev scrapped the Brezhnev Doctrine
- He believed openess would make all Eastern bloc countries better
- The Eastern bloc communist governments were only planning a litle reform
- Reform would end unrest in countries such as Poland, where the trade union Solidarity and the Roman Catholic Church had challenged the government
- The USSR had to improve trade relations with the West to rebuild its economy. The West would only improve trade if repression was reduced
- Cost of troops and military hardware was crippling the Soviet Union’s economy. It could no longer afford to maintain the Warsaw Pact
When did Gorbachev announce the end of the brezhnev Doctrine
December 1988
When did Hungary open its borders to East Germans
August 1989
When did Gorbachev announces that Eastern bloc states can go their own way
October 1989
When did the Berlin Wall fall
Nov 1989
When did communist governments fall in Czechoslavakia, Bulgaria and Romania
Dec 1989
What was the significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall for Germany
- German reunification : East Germany ceased to exist and became part of a united Germany in 1990, with Berlin as its capital
- The USSR withdrew its troops for what was East Germany
- British, French and US troops remained in western Germany
What was the significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall for superpower relations
- The end of the Warsaw Pact in July 1991
- The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe from 1990 onwards
- NATO continued to exist but expanded to include many former members of the Warsaw Pact
- The fall of the Berlin Wall gave further momentum to the ‘thaw’ in the Cold War.
- The Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Agreement (1990) set limits on non-nuclear forces deployed in Europe
- At the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) (1991), the USA and USSR agreed to reduce nuclear warheads by about a thirds, with an additional undertaking to reduce them further
The break up of the _ bloc was followed by the break up of the _
Eastern
USSR
Explain the break-up of the USSR
Gorbachev’s glasnost policies meant people could say what they thought, but perestroika only meant that living conditions for everyone got even worse than before. Many Soviet republicans began to demand independence in 1990-91
Explain the end of communism in the USSR
- Gorbachev tried to save Soviet communism by issuing a new constitution in the USSR that would have given Soviet republics, such as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Ukraine, more independence. However, the leaders these countries wanted even greater independence and rejected the constitution
- As a result, on 25th December 1991, Gorbachev announced the dissolution of the USSR and his resignation as president
- The decline of communism meant that the USSR had much less influence on other countries. Thisad already resulted in the end of the Warsaw Pact in July
Why did the USSR lose the Cold War
- Propaganda- it was hard for the USSR to ‘Sell’ communism when capitalism seemed to work
better and give people more - Afghan War- The huge cost of this long war was a major drain on the Soviet Union’s economy
-Economy - Arms race
-Freedom
The 1970s-80s - The Soviet Union’s economy stagnated under Brezhnev while the USA forged ahead: for example while US firms developed personal computers, the Soviet Union feared what Soviet people might so with their own computers: print and distribute anti- Soviet documents
How many Germans had left East Germany by 1958
Three million. Over a sixth of the country’s population
What kind of people were leaving East Germany during the ‘Brain Drain’
Skilled workers who were essential to the East German economy, such as engineers, techniques, and teachers
What did Khrushchev demand in his ‘Berlin Ultimatum’
He demanded that Western countries should officially recognise East Germany (i.e GDR= German Democratic Republic) as an independent country
What were the names of the 4 summits held to discuss the ‘Berlin Ultimatum’
Geneva, May 1959
Camp David, September 1959
Paris, May 1960
Vienna, June 1961
Why did the Berlin Summits go so badly
On 1st May 1960- as the various countries prepared for the Paris peace talks- an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. Eisenhower was embarrassed by this but refused to apologise. Krushchev walked out of the meeting
Who was President of the USA at the beginning of the Berlin Crisis and who was President at the end? What was the effect of this change
Eisenhower was replaced by Kennedy in January 1961. At the Vienna summit in June 1961, Krushchev believed that as Kennedy was inexperienced in foreign affairs, it would be possible to get the better of him However, Kennedy refused to make any concessions and, after Vienna, decided to increase spending on American armed forces by over $2billion
What was the result of the failure of the summits to find a conclusion to the Berlin Ultimatum
Concerns over the Berlin Ultimatum talks caused an increase in East Germans deciding to cross to the West, just in case Krushchevdecided to close the border. Then, on the night of 12th August 1961, East German troops put a barbed wire fence between East and West Berlin
What were the negative impacts of the building of the Berlin Wall on both the USA and the USSR
Krushchev had to abandon plans to unite Germany under Soviet control. The Berlin Wall also showed how the Soviet Union had to ‘lock’ people into socialist countries. For the USA, the USSR had put p the wall without asking the USA, and people who wanted to escape from communism could no longer do so
What were the positive impacts of the building of the Berlin Wall on both the USA and the USSR
The wall stopped large numbers of refugees leaving for the West, to some extent solving the problem of the East German government. It also showed the West that communism would survive in Berlin. On the other hand, it also showed that Krushchev had been forced to accept Western control in West Berlin became an emblem of freedom
What was the impact of President Kennedy’s visit to Berlin in 1963
Thousands of West Berlines wen to see him speak. Kennedy praised the freedoms of the West and contrasted them communism in a famous speech in which he said ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (I am a citizen of Berlin)
Who ruled Cuba before Castro
Batista, an army officer, who had seized power with the help of the USA
When the Cuban Revolution
January 1959
How far away was Cuba from America
145 km
What reforms were introduced after Castro overthrew Batista in the 1959 Revolution
Castro worked to end corruption in governments and improve the conditions of agricultural and industrial workers
Why did the USA grow increasingly concerned by Castro’s reforms
In January 1960 and the USA stopped buying Cuban sugar, and then banned all trade with Cuba; by January 1961the USA stopped all diplomatic relations with Cuba
What effect did these reactions (Castro reforms)
This pushed Castro closer to the USSR- they now planned something far more drastic, the Bay of Pigs Invasion
What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion
This was to be led by Cuban exiles, living in Florida; the plan was supported by JFK. Weapons, training, and transport were provided by the CIA. The exiles hoped to establish a base for guerrilla activities against Castro and were confident that the Cuban people would support them
What did the Allied leaders disagree on at Yalta
Stalin wanted to move the border of Poland westwards into German territory - Roosevelt was unhappy but agreed since Stalin promised not to help Communist rebels in Greece. The British supported the London Poles
Which leaders met at Potsdam Conference, July 1945
Truman (USA), Churchill (GB), and Stalin (USSR) - but Churchill was replaced by Atlee
What were the disagreements at Potsam
○Truman blocked Stalin’s demands for crippling reparations (fines) to be placed on GMY
○ Truman refused to allow the USSR to occupy JAP once it was defeated
○ Truman and Atlee opposed Stalin’s demands that he set up pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe. Stalin’s Red Army was looking like an army of occupation
Why was Potsdam less successful
○ Stalin’s troops remained in Eastern Europe - hopes of free elections seemed very distant now
○ Truman informed Stalin that the USA now possessed the atom bomb - Stalin feared that the USA might use this weapon in the future against the USSR
○ Truman adopted a far more hard-line approach to Stalin than Roosevelt had
○ GB and USA were suspicious of Stalin who had now set up a pro-Communist government in Poland
○ Stalin was suspicious as to why USA wanted GMY to ‘recover’ economically
When did the USA drop the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan
August 1945 to end World War Two
How did the development of the atom bombs make the USA and the West feel
More confident/ secure. Could use it to persuade Stalin to hold free elections` in Eastern Europe
What did Stalin so in reaction to the atomic bomb
○ He made a buffer zone between Eastern Europe countries to the West
○ Tested their own atomic bomb in 1949
How did the development if atom bomb affect USA/USSR relations
○ Increased cold war tensions as the bomb was so powerful
○ Made both side reluctant to go to war
○ Arms race between USA and USSR
What was the Kennan Long telegram
A telegram discussing US-Soviet relations sent by George Kennan, the US ambassador in Moscow. It said Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism but the USSR would back down if threatened by the USA
How did both telegram affect American- Soviet relations
Both sides now distrusted the other side even more. Led eventually to America’s policy of containment as the USA felt that the USSR was now looking to spread communism and led to the Soviet desire to protect itself
Why did Stalin ensure that every government in Eastern Europe was pro-communism
Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone between east and west. The USSR had suffered two invasions in the last thirty years - if Eastern Europe was under his control, this would make any future invasion less likely
How did the USA interpret this move by Stalin (buffer zone)
The USA believed that this was part of Stalin’s aim to spread communism throughout the world - in particular they thought countries in Western Europe were under threat
What was the Iron Curtain speech
In March 1946 Churchill visited the USA where he made a speech in which he declared that Europe was being divided by Soviet policy. In the West were free and democratic states, but in the East countries were living under the domination of communism and the USSR - an ‘iron curtain’ separated the two
How did the Iron Curtain speech affect American-Soviet relation
It increased tension ad mistrust and led the USSR to step up its campaign of anti-Western propaganda. Intensified hostility.
What were satellite states
Countries that were freed from Nazi rule by the Red Army. These included: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania
How did Stalin set up pro-Communist governments
Although Stalin did hold election, these were rigged to ensure Communists won. Politicians from other parties were beaten, intimidated or even murdered (e.g. Jan Masaryk). Even after the war, six million Soviet troops remained in Eastern Europe to stamp out opposition
How did Stalin ensure these states relied on the USSR
He set up COMINFORM in 1947, an alliance of Communist countries, which restricted their contact with the West. This was done in response to the Marshall Plan. Later on, he set up COMECON to coordinate trade between these countries
Why did events in Greece change US policy
Truman was informed in 1947 that GB could no longer afford to keep troops in Greece & Turkey. If GB withdrew these countries could well come under the influence of Stalin. Truman, therefore, paid for the troops to be kept there and gave financial backing to the two countries. This was the beginning of the US policy of CONTAINMENT
What was the Truman Doctrine
Truman announced this change of policy from the isolationism of containment to the world in a speech in March 1947- he made it clear that the USA was prepared to assist any country under the threat of communism. Truman said choosing democracy over communism was like choosing good over evil. The USA would send troops and mone to stop communism spreading. This was known as containment
What was Marshall Aid
Truman believed poverty and hardship were the breeding grounds for communism, and he, therefore, provided billions of dollars fo the wrecked economies of Europe. Between 1948 and 1952 the USA gave $12.bn to West Europe. He also wanted these economies to recover so that they could provide a market for the US-produced goods.
What was the Soviet response to the Truman Doctrine
Stalin thought t showed that the USA was trying to extend its influence in Europe. He argued that the MP was a way of using economic strength to divide. Europe in two. He called it dollar imperialism
What was Marshall Aid
Truman believed poverty and hardship were the breeding grounds for communism, and he, therefore, provided billions of dollars for the wrecked economies of Europe. Between 1948 and 1952 the USA gave $12.7bn to West Europe. He also wanted these economies to recover so that they could provide a market for US-produced goods
What was the Soviet response to the Truman Doctrine
Stalin thought it showed that the USA was trying to extend its influence in Europe. He argued that the MP was a way of using economic strength to divided Europe in two. He called it dollar imperialism
What impact did the Truman Doctrine have on international relation after 1947
○ The USA was now in direct opposition to the USSR
○ Stalin’s suspicions of the West were reinforced
○ Europe was now divided into two economic and political camps
What did Stalin set up to rival the MP
Comecon, 1949
What did Comecon allow
Aimed to support economic development in member states/trade and industrial planning across East European countries. Trade with the West was discouraged
What was Cominform
Set up 1947 in response to the Truman Doctrine. The political organisation included the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Poland. Yugoslavia was expelled in 1948. It directed and controlled the governments of satellite states and made sure they took orders from Moscow
How did the USA’s actions help to cause this crisis
○ West Germany (and West Berlin) were benefitting from Marshall Aid
○ GB and USA had combined their parts of West Germany to form BIZONIA the TRIZONIA (French zone)
○ They introduced a new currency called the Deutschmark across Trizonia
How did Stalin interpret these actions
The USSR believed that this was part of the USA’s to rebuild Germany into a strong nation once more and to leave the Soviet zones in poverty. Now two Germanys had been created: East and West. The West was more prosperous
Why did Stalin decide to impose a blockade on Berlin in June 1948
By blockading road and rail links from West Germany into West Berlin, Stalin hoped to test the strength of the USA and to force them into surrendering West Berlin where two million people lived free from Soviet rule
Why did the USA and GB decide to fly in supplies to West Berlin
They could not break the road and rail blockade with force as this might be seen as an act of war; nonstop flights (a total of 275 000) ensured that 1000 tons of food and other necessities came to West Berlin each day. This was known as Operation titles or the Berlin airlift
Why did Stalin not shoot down the planes in the Berlin Airlift
This would be seen as an aggressive act of war- Furthermore, the US had also stationed B29 bombers in GB, capable of dropping the atom bomb n the Soviets
What were the consequences of the Blockade
○ Stalin gave in and ended the Blockade in May 1949 - he was humiliated
○ The USA, GB and Fr combined their zones to form WEST GERMANY (FRG)
○ Stalin set up Eat Germany (GDR) in 1949. West Germany refused to recognise it until the 1970s
○ Stalin set up the WARSAW PACT in 1955 - a similar alliance of Eastern European countries; by 1949Soviet scientists had also developed the atom bomb
○ NATO, a military alliance of western nations, was set up in 1949 to ensure that any future attack by Stalin would be met with force. West Germany joined in 1955
When were nuclear bombs developed by both sides
○ 1945 USA atomic bomb ○ 1949 USSR atomic bomb ○ 1952 USA hydrogen bomb ○ 1953 USSR hydrogen bomb ○ 1957 USA ICBM ○ 1957 USSR ICBM
What were the effects of the arms race on both sides
○ Each side became more powerful
○USA and USSR spent huge sums of money on developing conventional and nuclear weapons and armies
○ Led to a change in thinking about war - they acted as a deterrent to war
Which President took over from Truman in 1953
Eisenhower - he was fiercely anti-communist but open to talks between the two sides
When Stalin died in 1953 who took over leadership of the USSR
Krushchev in 1956 - followed a policy of de-Stalinisation
Why were people in the satellite state of Hungary unhappy by 1956
○ Lack of political freedoms
○ Fuel shortages
○ Poor harvests
Who replaced the Hungarian Prime Minister Rakosi in 1956
Imre Nagy (Krushchev hoped he would improve things in Hungary)
What did Nagy announce on 1st November 1956
He would withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw pact
What happened during the Hungarian uprising
○ Krushchev could not accept that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact
○ On 4th November 1956, his Soviet army invaded Hungary - 1 000 tanks rolled into Budapest
○ Nagy begged the West for support but none came
○ Up to 20 000 Hungarians were killed
○ A new pro-communist government was set up under Kader
○ Despite being offered safe passage out of Yugoslavia, Nagy was tried and executed in 1958
How did other countries respond to the Soviet invasion of Hungary
Although Radio free Europe, a US-government funded radio station had been urging people of Eastern to rebel against communism, no military support was offered by the USA. The USA was not prepared to interfere in the affairs of an existing communist country
What was the impact of the Hungarian uprising on international relations
○ Khrushchev’s position in the SovietUnion was more secure
○ Warsaw Pact members now knew they had to do what the USSR said
○ Khrushchev was more confident dealing with the USA as he knew they would probably not take military action
○ The West looked bad- they had not offered military support to Hungary
○ Relations between the USA and USSR go worse again as the USA condemned the Soviet invasion of Hungary
Why was the Bay of Pigs such a disaster
This force of 1400 exiles landed in Cuba but found themselves facing over 20 000 Cuban troops; the people did not rise up in support of the exiles. Most importantly both Castro and Krushchev knew it had planned by the CIA - JFK was humiliated!
What were the consequences of this invasion
○ The invasion convinced Castro that he needed more Soviet support to defend himself against possible US attacks
○ In September 1961 Castro had a very well equipped army containing latest tanks, missiles and ‘technicians’ (who be Soviet military personnel)
○ Castro now declared himself to be a communist
What were the effects of the invasion on relations between the USA and USSR
○ Kennedy was humiliated as the invasion had failed
○ The USA looked hypocritical as they were supporting an invasion of an independent country
○ The USSR had the upper hand - hey pointed out that Cubans wanted a pro-communist regime, showing the popularity of Communism
○ Stronger relations were established between Cuba and the USSR which made Kennedy feel threatened. What if the USSR placed missiles on Cuba
Why did Krushchev place missiles on Cuba
NATO had missiles on Turkey. Krushchev could use missiles on Cuba as a bargaining tool
What did a U2 spy plane discover on October 14 1962
It took pictures of what appeared to be missile sites being built - some were very near to the competition
What other worrying news was received by the Americans (aside discovering missiles)
There was a fleet of Soviet ships sailing to Cuba, presumably carrying more missiles for the new sites
What did JFK decide to do on October 22 1962
He decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba, whilst also preparing troops for a possible invasion of Cuba; furthermore, he called on the USSR to remove their missiles from Cuba
How did Khrushchev respond to JFK’s naval blockade
He replied there were no Soviet missiles on Cuba and that the USSR would ignore the blockade
What happened when Soviet ships reached the naval blockade on October 24 1962
They turned back and did not attempt to break the blockade: ‘Krushchev just blinked!’ However Soviet missiles still remained on Cuba
What offer was made by Krushchev in the letter sent on October 26
The USSR would remove their nuclear weapons if the USA lifted the blockade and promised not to invade Cuba - the USA was very happy with this!
What offer was made by Krushchev in the letter sent on October 27
The USSR would remove their nuclear weapons if the USA removed theirs from Turkey
How did JFK react to the offer of removing their weapons from Turkey
On the same day he received he second letter, a U2 spy plane was shot down over Cuba. JFK respond only the first letter, saying he agreed with its terms, but if the missiles were not removed and attack would follow. The President’s brother also informed the Soviet ambassador in Washington that the US would remove its missiles from Turkey
What did the USA gain from this crisis
○ Nuclear missiles were removed from Cuba
○ The missiles in Turkey were removed secretly 6 months later
○ JFK was no longer seen as weak and inexperienced - his decision to impose a naval blockade was justified
What did the USSR gain from the Cuban missile crisis
○ Cuba remained a Communist country only 90 miles from the USA
○ Cuba continued to look to the USSR for protection
What did the USA lose from the Cuban missile crisis
Missiles in Turkey - this angered some of her NATO allies
What did USSR lose from the Cuban missile crisis
○ The USSR was publicity seen to have backed down - this angered many Soviet politicians
○ Krushchev was removed from office in 1964 - the military felt they had been forced into a humiliating withdrawal
What did the world gain from the missile crisis
○ A direct hot line phone link was set up between Washington and Moscow
○ A Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was set up on 1963
What did Cuba gain from the missile Crisis
○ Her independence had been secured; she was now free from US interference
○ However Castro felt like a pawn in a very high stakes game which could have seen the destructive of this island
What reforms was Alexander Dubcek making in Czachoslavakia
As part of the ‘Prague Spring’, from April 1968, Dubcek introduced reforms such as less censorship, trade union powers increased/worker’s rights, more power for regional government, trade with West was increased and Czechs given greater freedom to travel abroad. The idea of holding multi-party elections in the future was discussed
What did Dubcek promise Krushchev make that meant the USSR were initially happy to accept him as leader
Dubcek was committed to the Warsaw Pact and support for the Soviet Union
What happened to change the USSR’s opinion on Dubcek
The Soviet leader, Brezhnev (who replaced Krushchev in 1968), disapproved of many of the reforms being made by Dubcek. He saw them as a threat to Soviet control in Eastern Europe
Describe the events of the Soviet invasion
On 20th August 1968, 500 000 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia and ended the ‘Prague Spring’. Although the Czech people could do little, there was some brave resistance, such as blocking roads or attacking individual tanks. The invading troops had been told they had been invited by Czech government to help restore law and order, and were surprised by the hostility the encountered
What impact did the Soviet invasion have Czechoslovakia
Dubcek was arrested, sent to Moscow and ordered to reverse his reforms. Then in 1969 he was replaced by Gustav Husak. Husak was a hardliner loyal to Moscow and introduced a clampdown in which over a thousand Czechs were arrested
What was the Brezhnev Doctrine
Brezhnev said that the actions of any individual communist country affected all other communist countries. This meant other communist countries could take actions to prevent reforms
What was the impact of the Prague spring on USA/USSR relations
The Soviet response to the Prague Spring outraged western governments. There as attempt to pass a formal resolution condemning the invasion in the UN but this was vetoed by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union saw that the USA might protest but could take little action to opposed Soviet control in Europe
Why did the USA and Soviet Union follow a policy of Détente? Give 2 reasons
Both had internal reasons:
Nixon was elected president of the USA. The Vietnam war had killed almost 60 000 Americans and billions of dollars had been spent. The US government wanted to focus on social problems and inequalities, especially due to urban rioting in many US cities.
The Soviet Union was facing economic problems and wanted to cut spending on weapons so that it could try to improve living standards
What was SALT 1 and when did it take place
The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty 1 signed in May 1972. It agreed to limit Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles, Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles and Anti-Ballistic Missiles between both countries
Give 3 areas of agreement that were set out at SALT 1
SALT 1 agreed to
○ Limited the number of ICBMs each country could have (1 054 ICBMs for the USA and 1 618 for the Soviet Union because the USA had more strategic bombers).
○ Limited SLBMs to 740 each
○ It also included the Basic Principles Agreement that laid down rules for the conduct of nuclear warfare such as no warheads on the seabed
What were the Helsinki accords and when were they signed
Signed in 1975, NATO and Warsaw Pact countries met to build on SALT 1 and make agreements on three areas
What three areas where the Helsinki accords about
European borders, international cooperation and human rights
Wat was SALT 2 and when did it happen
To build on SALT 1 talks towards SALT 2 continued until 18th June 1979
What were 2 agreements at SALT 2
Restrictions on missile launchers and strategic bombers as well as a ban on testing or deploying new types of ICBM
What events during the late 1970s helped ensure SALT 2 was a failure
Some US politicians called for a stronger stance against the Soviet Union in response to an increase in Soviet support countries such as El Salvador and Nicaragua. Also, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
What were the 2 consequences of SALT 1
The symbolic importance of improving US-Soviet in relations. Also, shortly after signing SALT 1, Nixon visited Brezhnev in Moscow, and in 1973 the Soviet leader came to Washington
Name two reforms introduced by Gorbachev’s to improve the Communist Party
Perestroika
Glasnost
Describe Glasnost
There should be more openness and less corruption in government. It would allow the opposition to the government and give the people a better understanding of how the country was run
Describe Perestrokia
The Sovie state and economy should be reformed in order to include some of the practices that made capitalism successful
Give two examples of how Gorbachev attempted to reduce tension with the USA
Signed various arms reduction agreements
Stopped Soviet interference in Eastern Europe satellite states such as Poland and Czechoslovakia
Give an example pf a successful summit meeting that took place 1985-90 to discuss arms limitations
Washington, December 1987
What did the INF Treaty 1987 eliminate
Nuclear and grounds-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with a range of 500-5500km i.e. intermediate and short-range missiles
What were both USA and USSR allowed to do under the INF Treaty
Inspect each other’s military installations
Give one reason the INF Treaty was significant
It was the first treaty o reduce the number of nuclear missiles the superpowers possessed. I went further than SALT 1
Where is Afghanistan
In the Middle East, Specifically the Persian Gulf. It is bordered by the Soviet Union, Pakistan and Iran
What happened in Afghanistan 1978-1980
A Pro-Soviet government took control of Afghanistan and received assistance from Moscow. This government became unpopular, and pro-Muslim factions tried to overthrow the puppet-leader, Amin. In 1979 the USSR invaded Afghanistan
What was America’s reaction to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Carter claimed this was the biggest threat to world peace since the end of the Secon World War. He withdrew the SALT 2 proposal and stated that the USA would repel (possibly by force) any threat to American Interests in the Persian Gulf. This became known as the Carter Doctrine
What impact did the Afghan war have on the Soviet Union
The relations between the USSR and the USA became more confrontational, which effectively destroyed Détente. Economic sanctions were imposed on the USSR by the USA
Give three examples of Reagan’s policies towards the Soviet Union
○ Persuaded Congress to boost America’s spending on arms. In 1982 13% more money was spent. New weapons like trident submarine were developed
○ He announced the “Reagan Doctrine”; The USA support anti-communist governments and anti-communist groups trying to overthrow the communist governments
○ SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative): Star Wars was a scheme giving money to putting weapons in space. The violated the terms of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. It was years from being a possibility but Reagan spoke about it like a present reality
What was the “Second Cold War”
The deterioration of relations between the USA and USSR after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which led to a period of increased hostilities between the two nations
What problems did the Soviet Unions have in early 1980
○Economic: During the Brezhnev era huge sums of money were spent on developing arms to keep pace with the USA. Investment in the USSR’s economy was low
○ Low standards of living and lack of human rights, which led to unrest in Satellite states (Poland)
○ A run of short-lived leaders, leading to political instability (Brezhnev dies 1982, Andropov 1984, Cherneko)
When did Gorbachev come to power
March 1985
What did Gorbachev do with the Brezhnev Doctrine
The Brezhnev Doctrine would be dropped. The Soviet Union would no longer get involved in the domestic affairs of other countries
What limitations on Nuclear weapons were made 1985-89
○INF (intermediate-range Nuclear Force Treaty)
○Malta summit in 1989 was officially seen as the ned of the Cold War by both countries
Name 3 Satellite States that moved to end Soviet control in 1989-90. Describe how each country did this
○ Poland: Solidarity is legalised and wins a landslide victory in Polish elections
○ Hungary: The government takes down the fence on the border with Austria. It promises a new democratic government with free elections
○ Czechoslovakia: The velvet revolution overthrows the communist revolution. The anti-communist Vaclav-Havel is elected President
What was the Berlin Wall
A fortified wall which divided East Berlin from West Berlin
Describe the Fall of the Berlin Wall
The East German government announced that the border crossing to West Berlin would be opened. Thousands of East Berliners force their way through the border crossing. People on both sides of the Wall down. East and West Germany are formally reunited in 1990
What was the Warsaw Pact and why did it end
The Warsaw Pact was formally dissolved in July 1991
When did Gorbachev fall from power
25th December 1991
How did Gorbachev fall from power
In 1991 the communist hardliners staged a coup against Gorbachev. 12 leaders of the other Soviet Socialist Republics took advantage of Gorbachev’s weakness and joined together in a commonwealth of independent states. Gorbachev resigned
If you get a narrative account question about detente in the 1970s what are you going to put in what order
- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began in 1969 and were completed three years later
- As a result of SALT 1, there were improved relations between the superpowers which let to the Helsinki Agreements which were signed in 1975
- The improved relations at Helsinki were also in 1975 by a joint space mission in which American Apollo spacecraft and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft docked high above the Earth
If you get a narrative account question about US-Soviet relations 1979-85 what would you put and in what order
- In 1979, relations between the USA and the Soviet Union worsened because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
- As a result of Carter’s get-tough policy, relation continued to worsed and there was a Second Cold War Boycott of Olympic games
- Superpower relations during this Second Cold War further worsened by Reagan and the Strategic Defence Initiative.
If you get a narrative account question the end of Soviet control over its satellite states in Eastern Europe 1989-1991 what would you put and in what order
- Once Gorbachev had announced that the Soviet Union was giving up the Brezhnev Doctrine, satellite countries were free to choose how they would be governed
- In 1989, Soviet satellite states such as Poland and Hungary held free elections that lead to communists falling from power
- The Warsaw Pact- the agreement that had effectively divided Europe in two - was unable to survive the devlopments in Eastern Europe
If you get a narrative account question about the key events of the ‘Bay of Pigs’ crises in the years 1959-61 what would you put and in what order
- The Batista regime- a corrupt government that supported the USA
- Relations became even worse between the countries when Castro appointed more communists to his government and, in February 1960, he made agreements with the Soviet Union
- President Kennedy took over from Eisenhower in 1961. He staged a coup
If you get a narrative account question about the key events of the ‘Prague Spring’ of 1968 what would you put and in what order
- The reforms of Alexander Dubcek
- The Soviet invasion of Prague
- Alexander Dubcek was replaced by Gustav Husak. 1969
If you get a narrative account question about the wartime alliance between the USA and USSR, 1941-45 what would you put and in what order
- The Soviet Union joined the Secon World War in June 1941 after they were invaded by a force of 4 million German troops
2.Tehran conference 1943
3. Yalta conference 1945
4 Postan conference
If you get a narrative account question about why the Cold War developed in the years 1945-47 what would you put and in what order
- The dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan
- Soviet expansion over Eastern Europe
- Truman Doctrine
If you get a narrative account question about the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe, 1944-48 what would you put and in what order
- The Red Army freed them from the Nazis
- Take over of Poland
- The communist takeover of Czechoslovakia
If you get a narrative account question about the Hungarian Uprising what would you put and in what order
- De-Stalinisation
- Soviet army invades Hungary and puts Nagy in charge
- Nagy announcing the leaving of the Warsaw pact
If you get a narrative account question about the Berlin Blockade what would you put and in what order?
- The west combined their zones
- Stalin announcing the Blockade in 1948
- Operation VITTLES
If you get a narrative account question about the arms Race 1949-58 what would you put and in what order?
- USSR develops the Hydrogen bomb
- The USA’s develops the hydrogen bomb
- Stalin’s death
If you get a narrative account question about the key events which increased rivalry between two superpowers 1949-56 what would you put and in what order?
- NATO (1949)
- Warsaw pact (1955)
- The Hungarian Crisis(1956)
If you get a question asking what the importance is of the Berlin Blockade for the future of Germany what are your points
- It made sure that the capital continued to stay divided
2. It meant a small piece of Capitalism continued in the Iron Curtain
If you get a question asking what the importance is of the Long and Novikov telegrams for the development of the cold war what are your points
- It influences US policy towards USSR
2. It showed that the USSR was equally distrustful of the USA and its allies
If you get a question asking what the importance is of the Truman Doctrine for the development of the cold war what are your points
- It led to the USA becoming future committed to events in Europe
- Worsened relations
If you get a question asking what the importance is of the Hungarian Uprising for (1956) the development of the cold war what are your points
- It demonstrated Soviet determination to maintain control in Eastern Europe and worsened relations between the two superpowers
- Intensified superpower rivalry
If you get a question asking what the importance is of the Postan conference for relations between the USA and USSR what are your points
- It led to differences between the USSR and the USA over Germany. Stalin wanted massive compensation but Stalin refused
- Ideological differences were emerging
If you get a question asking what the importance is of the forming of NATO for relations between the USA and USSR what are your points
- Mutual suspicion - Stalin believed NATO was aimed against the Soviet Union
- Two rival alliance systems- this now divided Europe in a state of permanent hostility between superpowers. intensified arms race
