cold war

Question 1

how did events in berlin impact international relations of the USSR?

Answer 1

killed approximately 140 people trying to go over e.g. Peter Fechter, increasing tensions

went on for a long time until 1989, showing how the USSR wanted to keep their secrets for a long time and fear of espionage

built without permission in 1961

Question 2

why was berlin wall built?

Answer 2

prevent ideas of capitalism

prevent east berliners fleeing to west berlin as east berlin was poor

to stop spying from US

Question 3

how did events in berlin impact international relations of the united states

Answer 3

JFK spoke openly negative about communism in Berlin

USSR didn’t ask for permission so it increased tensions

Question 4

How did USSR respond to Dubcek’s reforms?

Answer 4

1968

sent troops to border of Czechoslovakia to pressure them

considered political sanctions but didn’t have enough money

Dubcek was removed from power but not executed

USSR released Brezhnev Doctrine

Question 5

two similarities between Hungary and Czechoslovakia

Answer 5

West failed to intervene

Russia invaded with tanks

Question 6

two differences between Hungary and Czechoslovakia

Answer 6

Nagy was executed, Dubcek was not

Tried other sanctions before invasion such as putting pressure on them by setting up camps on the border

Question 7

what was prague spring?

Answer 7

it was a policy of “socialism with a human face”

introduced several reforms e.g no censorship, free elections, increased standard of living

Question 8

what was brezhnev doctrine?

Answer 8

Warsaw pact countries were not allowed to abandon communism or else the USSR would invade them

Question 9

five events of cuban missile crisis

Answer 9

october 14 1962 - took photos of nuclear missile sites in Cuba

kennedy formed ex-comm

october 22 - US made a “naval quarantine” but USSR called it a blockade and an act of aggression

27 oct - U2 plane shot down over cuba

28 oct - USSR remove missiles from cuba

all 1962

Question 10

what was bay of pigs invasion

Answer 10

in 1961

JFK tried to invade Cuba and overthrow communism and Castro

Question 11

two events in aftermath of cuban missile crisis

Answer 11

kennedy had a good rep as they thought he sealed with it effectively

Khrushchev seen as reasonable peace maker

Question 12

how did khrushchev’s policies get better and worse

Answer 12

khrushchev said he wanted ‘peaceful co-existence’ but he really meant ‘peaceful competition’

openly spoke against stalin in 1956
made ideology of de-stalinisaton. however, it did not free any country of communism.

khrushchev met western leaders at ‘summit meetings’
but he loved to argue so this caused tension.

Question 13

NATO facts?

Answer 13

formed in 1949

had nuclear weapon held by USA and Britain from 1952 and then france from 1960

12 members originally

Question 14

warsaw pact facts?

Answer 14

formed in 1955

presented as a collective security organisation like NATO but power was really held in Moscow

had nuclear weapons

8 members

Question 15

how did NATO and Warsaw Pact cause tension

Answer 15

USSR felt threatened by creation of NATO

solidified the alliances - who vs who. it was based on more than a political ideology

both sides gained confidence taking more risks

Question 16

hungarian uprising events

Answer 16

in october 1956 - huge student protest where statue of Stalin was pulled down

nov 1956 - nagy announced hungary would withdraw from warsaw pact and hold free elections.
ussr thought this was bad, other countries might follow

soviet tanks entered Hungary and 200 000 hungarians fled to Austria

Question 17

yalta conference key agreements

Answer 17

would hunt down nazi war criminals

USSR could expand into eastern europe

divide germany into four zones by USSR USA Britain and France

Question 18

potsdam disagreements

Answer 18

new leaders for Britain and USA - Truman was more anti communist than Roosevelt

Stalin set up a communist government in Poland and Truman saw this as him wanting to set up an empire

Truman disagreed to crippling Germany, but Stalin wanted $10 billion compensation

Question 19

how did atomic bomb cause tensions

Answer 19

USA developed it in secret even though it was an ally of USSR

Truman told stalin about the atomic bomb at Potsdam (july 1945)

August 1945 USA dropped the first atomic bomb on japan, some say it was a warning

Question 20

soviet expansion facts

Answer 20

churchill called border between west and east an “iron curtain”

stalin used secret police to assert his control - in 1947 cominform was set up to co ordinate work of diff communist parties

truman doctrine - containment - stop further spread of communsim, but not try to remove communism from existing countries

Question 21

greece and turkey facts

Answer 21

civil war in greece between monarchists and communists
stalin tried taking over turkey

US concerned as it could mean spread of communism to the middle east
Turkey had a lot of oil too so US was concerned

US granted $400 million aid to Greece and Turkey - 1947

Question 22

marshal plan facts

Answer 22

$17 billion to help rebuild Europe
- the areas of germany under western control benefited massively

Stalin told all communist states to reject the aid as he believed USA was using economic incentives to lure eastern europe to capitalism

stalin then formed comecon in 1949, offering economic aid, agriculture etc

Question 23

berlin blockade facts

Answer 23

1948 - stalin made the wall. left west berlin without supplies

using tanks would be seen as an act of war so allies flew supplies to berlin (berlin airlift) - fear of shooting down planes, but it never happened

stalin was scared people would go to west berlin
stalin

Question 24

korean war

Answer 24

1948 - divided into two countries, split at 38th parallel

both sides tested new weapons, north korea communist south korea capitalist

united nations proved it could take action, but only because USSR had not been present

USSR swore to not miss any other important votes

Question 25

vietnam war

Answer 25

1955-1957
north vietnam used guerilla warfare - “search and destroy”

war was hugely unpopular

Question 26

china

Answer 26

communist in 1949
USSR - treaty of friendship alliance and mutual assistance
most populous country in world was now country

Truman’s policy failed

UN did not recognise new communist leaders so instead the leader Chiang in Taiwan represented China

USSR protested by not taking part in UN Security Council

Question 27

arms race

Answer 27

by 1949, USSR had its own atomic bomb. surprised USA, thought it’d take longer

1952 - usa made a hydrogen bomb, ussr did the same in 1953

40% of US defence spending went to air force

Question 28

space race

Answer 28

1957 - sputnik was released by USSR (satellite)
later they released sputnik II

USA then increased fundings- 1958, made explorer I and NASA was set up

1961 - first man into space by USSR
1969 - first man on the moon by USA (apollo program)

Question 29

when was berlin blockade

Answer 29

1948

Question 30

what happened in berlin blockade

Answer 30

britain france and USA combined their zones into one to help german economy recover quicker

stalin worried germany was being built up deliberately

stalin then closer links between berlin and the west which left them without supplies

to use tanks to move the roadblocks would be an act of war, so instead the allies flew supplies to berlin

fear of planes being shot down but never happened