cognitive reserve

Question 1

What is cognitive reserve?

Answer 1

Individual differences in how people process tasks allow some people to cope better than others with brain pathology

Question 2

what supports CR?

Answer 2

adaptable functional brain processes:
brain regions associated with performing a task; and
the pattern of interactions

Question 3

Cognitive reserve

Answer 3

is a heuristic to help explain individual differences in cognition, function, or clinical status relative to aging and brain disease

Question 4

cognitive resilience

Answer 4

Resilience refers to multiple reserve-related processes

Question 5

Measurements of CR (3)

Answer 5

1) Sociobehavioral proxies
2) Residual approaches
3) Functional imaging approaches

Question 6

1) Sociobehavioral proxies

Answer 6

e.g., education, IQ, occupational complexity, leisure and physical activity

Question 7

Causation vs. reverse causation

Answer 7

people only do cognitive puzzles bc they are fun with high cognition but stop with low cognition (prodromal dementia) because they are not fun

Question 8

2) Residual approaches

Answer 8

CR is the variance in cognition that is not explained by demographic/brain predictors of cognition

Question 9

3) Functional imaging approaches

Answer 9

Attempts to capture the neural implementation of CR
* e.g., to identify resting state or task- related functional activation brain networks that may underlie CR

Question 10

Neural reserve:

Answer 10

networks that are more efficient, have greater capacity, or are more flexible might be more capable of coping with the disruption

Question 11

Neural compensation:

Answer 11

using brain structures or networks not normally used by individuals with intact brains.

Question 12

Capacity:

Answer 12

the maximum degree to which a task-related brain network can be activated to keep performing a task in the face of increasing demands

Question 13

Efficiency:

Answer 13

the degree to which a given task- related brain network must become activated to accomplish a given task.

Question 14

What is brain reserve?

Answer 14

Individual differences in the brain itself allow some people to cope better than others with brain pathology

Question 15

how do we measure brain reserve?

Answer 15

specific patterns of gray matter volume
cortical surface area
cortical thickness
PET measures of synaptic integrity white matter microstructural properties

Question 16

brain reserve - good

Answer 16

• increased brain size, neuronal count and synaptic cleft

Question 17

Brain reserve bad

Answer 17

• brain injury
• encephalitis
• psychiatric illness
• developmental disorders

Question 18

cognitive reserve good

Answer 18

engagement, remediation, education, leisure, nutrition, socialization

Question 19

cognitive reserve bad

Answer 19

sedentary mental activities, malnutrition, lack of edu, loneliness

Question 20

What is brain maintenance?

Answer 20

reduced development over time of age-related brain changes and pathology based on genetics or lifestyle

Question 21

brain maintenance fundamental idea

Answer 21

the brain is modifiable based on experience

Question 22

BM

Answer 22

maintaining or enhancing the brain

Question 23

BR

Answer 23

represents the status of the brain at a given point in time