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Cognitive Psyc > Cognitive Psyc Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Cognitive Psyc Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

-study of physiological processes underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes
-addresses the questions of how cognitive functions are produced by the brain

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2
Q

the brain

A

-cognitive neuroscience focuses mainly, but not
exclusively, on neural processes in the brain

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3
Q

the neural net

A

-nervous system was thought to be a network of connected fibres that was similar to a highway system
-believed info can flow in all directions along the fibres

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4
Q

neuron doctorine

A

nervous systems consists of individual,
unconnected cells

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5
Q

neurons

A

cells specialized to receive and transmit information
in the nervous system

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6
Q

cell body

A

life support centre of the neuron

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7
Q

dendrites

A

branching extensions at the cell body. Receive
messages from other neurons

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8
Q

axon

A

long single extension of a neuron, sometimes
covered with myelin sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons

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9
Q

terminal branches of axon

A

branched endings of an axon
that transmit messages to other neurons

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10
Q

how neurons communicate

A

-through the neural system
-specifically accomplished through electrical (within neurouns) and chemical (between neurons)
-neurons recieve input from other neurons and the environment

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11
Q

action potential

A

-a change in intracellular electrical potential that travels from the cell body to the axon terminals
-generated by the movement of
positively charged atoms in and out
of channels in the axon’s membrane
-intensity remains the same throughout

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12
Q

all or none response

A

-excitatory input received by the neuron exceeds the neurons threshold the neuron will fire an action potential
-strength is always the same

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13
Q

encoding intensity

A

-pressure intensity is encoded by the
neurons’ rate of firing
-Low intensities: slow firing
High intensities: fast firing

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14
Q

principle of neural representation

A

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system

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15
Q

neural code

A

specific pattern of neural firing that corresponds to a particular piece
of information

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16
Q

feature detectors

A

neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus

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17
Q

simple cells

A

Neurons that respond best to stimuli with a given feature
-ex. bars of light of a particular orientation

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18
Q

complex cells

A

neurons that respond best to stimulus with a specific
combination of features

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19
Q

specificity coding

A

representation of a specific object by
firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to just
that object

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20
Q

Distributed coding

A

representation of objects by a pattern
of firing across a number of neurons

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21
Q

Sparse coding

A

when objects are represented by a
pattern of firing of a subset of the population of neurons

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22
Q

specificity coding or grandmother cell hypothesis

A

Each face might be represented by a single
neuron (more realistically by a subgroup of neurons)
tuned to respond only to that face

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23
Q

Evidence for localization of function

A

-Neuropsychology
-Brain imaging (e.g., fMRI)
-Electroencephalography (EEG)

24
Q

neuropsychology

A

-study of behaviour and cognitive abilities of
individuals with brain damage
-cognitive functioning breaks down in specific ways when areas of the brain are damaged
-provides insight into the function of different areas of
the brain

25
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

-Measures blood flow through magnetic properties of
blood
-fMRI signal tracks the use of hemoglobin
(carries oxygen)
-determine which brain areas are active by tracking
metabolic changes
-Regardless of the task, a participant’s entire brain will
show some activity in fMRI scans

26
Q

how to determine which brain areas are associated
with a particular cognitive function

A

-control task/control state
-experimental task

27
Q

control task/ control state

A
  • task without the cognitive task of interest
28
Q

experimental task

A

-task with the cognitive task of interest

29
Q

EEG

A

a technique for recording electrical potentials
generated by neural activity from electrodes placed on the scalp

30
Q

ERPs

A

-signals extracted from the EEG that represent brain activity associated with specific events (stimuli, responses)
-Calculated by averaging over many repetitions of the
event, unrelated activity diminishes as the number of
repetitions increases

31
Q

comparison between fmri and eeg

A

fMRI
-Relatively precise localization of brain activity
-Tracks slow metabolic changes not brain activity
-Poor temporal resolution
-Expensive

EEG
-Continuous, temporally precise, measurement of brain activity
-Does not provide precise spatial location of the activity

32
Q

cerebral cortex

A

-contains mechanisms responsible for most of
our cognitive functions
-Data from many sources indicated that specific cognitive functions are served by specific areas of the cortex

33
Q

4 lobes of brain hemisphere

A

-frontal lobe (forehead)
-parietal lobe (top of rear head)
-occipital lobe (back head)
-temporal lobe (side of head)

34
Q

frontal lobe

A

-Reasoning and planning
-Language, working memory, motor functioning (motor cortex)

35
Q

occipital lobe

A

-visual processing

36
Q

hippocampus

A

forms memories

37
Q

amygdala

A

emotions and emotional memories

38
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch, temperature, pain, attention

39
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, taste, smell

40
Q

function of fusiform face area

A

-responds specifically to faces
-Right Temporal lobe
-Damage to this area causes prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)

41
Q

function of parahippocampal place area

A
  • responds specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes)
    -temporal lobe
42
Q

function of extrastriate body area

A

-responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies
-lateral occipitotemporal cortex

43
Q

language networks

A

-Red network is involved in understanding words
-Blue network is involved in saying words
-Both networks work together to understand sentences

44
Q

distributed processing in brain

A

-multiple functions can be used to perform one task

45
Q

neural networks

A

-cognitive functions are accomplished by networks of brain areas working together
-can gain insight into which brain areas form neural
networks by tracing axonal connections between areas

46
Q

Track-weighted Imaging (TWI)

A

-MRI based method for mapping structural connectivity (path of axons) between brain regions
-To a certain extent each individuals connections are unique
-We each have our own connectome (analogous to
genome)

47
Q

dynamics of cognition

A

-flow and activity within and across the brain’s functional
-networks change based on conditions
change within and across networks is constant

48
Q

functional connectivity

A

-Connectivity between brain regions that share functional properties
-Operationally defined as the degree that activity in
different regions are correlated

49
Q

visual function

A

Vision; visual perception

50
Q

somato motor

A

Movement and touch

51
Q

dorsal attention

A

Attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations

52
Q

executive control

A

Higher-level cognition; working memory & directing attention

53
Q

salience

A

attending to survival-relevant events in the environment

54
Q

default mode

A

mind wandering, monitoring of emotional states, and more

55
Q

Default mode network

A

-mode of brain function that occurs when it is at rest
associated with mind wandering
-one of the brain’s largest network
cognitive activity related to personal life-story, social functions, and monitoring emotional states

Cognitive Psyc (9 decks)

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