chapter 8

Question 1

What is autobiographical memory?

Which type of memories does it depend on?

Answer 1

It is the memories we hold about ourselves and our relationship with the world around us

Depends on episodic and semantic memory

Question 2

What are the different components of autobiographical memory?

Answer 2

Spatial (where the event occured, emotional (how did you feel), sensory (smells, what you saw, etc.)

Question 3

When is the parahippocampal and hippocampus active?

What memories are parahippocampal associated with?

What memories are the hippocampus associated with?

Answer 3

When you talk about yourself
ex. you respond better to pictures you took yourself compared to looking at pictures someone else took

parahippocampal focuses on visual spacial memories

episodic memory recollection

Question 4

What is the reminiscence bump?

Answer 4

It is the idea that memory is strong for recent events and events from adolescents and early adulthood

ex. At 50 years old you’ll remember things from 15 better than at 40

Question 5

What is the self image hypothesis?

Answer 5

It is the idea that memory is better for events that occur in a person’s self image or when their identity is being formed

ex. “I remember I felt very pretty…”

Question 6

What is the cognitive hypothesis?

Answer 6

It is when memories are easier to encode when it envolves a period of rapid change, followed up by stability

ex. those who immigrated countries remember things quite well

Question 7

What is the cultural life script?

Answer 7

Culturally expected timelines and events for a person

based on real life, also what is advertised in movies

ex. get driver’s license at 16, graduate at 22, get married at 27, etc.

Question 8

What is the relation between emotions and memories?

Answer 8

Emotional memories are easier to remember

Question 9

What are flashbulb memories?

Answer 9

Memories we can recall with extreme vividness and detail

they are highly emotional

-not always accurate, more likely when the person has been personally affected by the event, confidence doesn’t assure accuracy

Question 10

What is repeated recall?

Answer 10

It is the ability to determine if memories have changed overtime by getting participants to recall an event twice at different times after it occured

Question 11

What is the relation between repeated recall and flashbublb memories?

Answer 11

Repeated recall has found that flashbulb memories aren’t always accurate

they can be inaccurate or lacking in detail

Question 12

Why are flashbulb memories stronger?

Answer 12

Flashbulb memories might be easier to remember because they are highly emotional events which triggers the amygdla

they also might just be well rehearsed memories

emotional events are usually important events

Question 13

Are emotional pictures easier to remember?

Answer 13

Emotional images are easier to remember than neutral images

Question 14

What is the constructive nature of memory?

Answer 14

A person’s memory is made up of info that has been encoded plus knowledge (semantic memories), experiences (episodic memory), and expectations

memory is encoded and then are retrieved

Question 15

What happened with the Bartlett’s “War of the Ghosts”?

Question 16

What

What is source monitering?

Answer 16

It is the process of determing where are memories, knowledge, or beliefs came from

Question 17

What are some source monitoring errors?

Answer 17

Sometimes we mistaken where the source comes from, this is known as source misattributions

Question 18

What is cryptomnesia?

Answer 18

It is unconscious plagarism

ex. people create songs that sound too similar to other ones

some times we believe we came up with something when it’s actually something we encountered before

Question 19

What happened during the becoming famous overnight experiment?

Answer 19

Participants read a list of famous names and non famous names, after a 24 hour delay participants were tested again and incorrectly said non famous names where famous

ex. Heard “Bill Smith” and said it was famous

Question 20

What is the illusion of truth effect?

Answer 20

It is when the more you hear something, you are more likely to believe it as true

Question 21

What is making inferences?

Answer 21

Memory is affected by inferences people make based off knowledge or past experiences

memory is sometimes implied

Question 22

What are pragmatic inferences?

Answer 22

It is when information presented leads a person to assume something that isn’t stated

Question 23

What is a schema?

Are schemas good for our memory?

Answer 23

knowledge about ourselves in connection to the world around us

ex. classroom, work, etc.

Schemas can help and hurt memory
-u can use knowledge from past to fill in gaps

Question 24

What is a script?

Answer 24

a series of events and actions that occur based on the specific experience

ex. going to a restaurant, going to the dentist

Question 25

What is the relationship of schema and script in relation to memory?

Answer 25

they both influence memory
-memory can include info that hasn’t been experienced but inferred bc it’s expected and consistent with schema

ex. in a waiting room, there were no books but participants reported that there were

Question 26

What are the advantages of construction of memories?

Answer 26

-they allow us to make inferences
-helps us understand language
-solve problems
-make decisions

Question 27

What are the disadvantaged of construction of memories?

Answer 27

-we make errors
-we misidentify the source of info
-we don’t know if info was presented or inferred it

Question 28

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 28

it is misleading info presented to someone after a person witnesses an event which can change how the person describes the event

Question 29

What is the misleading postevent information (mpi)?

Answer 29

innacurate or suggestive info about an event that’s presented after the event

ex. ppl witnessed a car crash with no broken glass but when asked if they saw the cars “smashed into each other” they reported remembering seeing broken glass

Question 30

What is the relationship between source monitoring error and mpi?

Answer 30

Both the original info and mpi are intact but the source of the memory is unidentifiable
-often misinterpret mpi as the original memory

Question 31

What are false memories?

Answer 31

Memories can easily be distorted and can even be planted into other people’s minds when they never happened

Hymann experiment

ex. experiment where they show people a photoshopped picture of them in an air baloon and think it happened

Question 32

What’s the relation between eyewitness testimonies and memory?

Answer 32

-jurys love an eyewitness testament but there are the worst reliable and confidence isn’t a good measure

Question 33

What is the weapons focus effect?

Answer 33

Witnesses often focus on the weapon rather than the perpitrator