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Cognitive Psyc > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is conceptual knowledge?

A

the ability to recognize objects and events to make inferences about the concepts

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2
Q

What is a concept?

A

it’s a mental representation of objects, events, or ideas

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3
Q

What is categorization?

A

It’s the process of which items are placed into groups called categories

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4
Q

What is the prototype approach to categorization?

A

It is when membership in a category is determined based on how the object represents the prototype

its based on family resemblance

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5
Q

What is family resemblance?

A

It is how category members resemble each other in a number of ways even if they differ from one another

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6
Q

What is a prototype?

A

it is a an abstract representation of the typical member of the category

contains the most salient (prominent) features

ex. the prototype of a bird typically has wings and can fly

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7
Q

What is high prototypicality?

A

It is the member that closely resembles the prototype

the typical member

ex. “bird” probably think of a robin not a penguin

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8
Q

What is low prototypicality?

A

It is the member that significantly differs from the group

ex. “bird” wouldn’t immediately think of a penguin

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9
Q

What ability does prototypicality affect?

A

It affects our ability to make judgements about objects

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10
Q

What is the sentence variation technique?

A

It is a method where you respond to statements using true or false judgements

ex. an apple is a fruit (true), a potato is a fruit (false)

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11
Q

What is the typicality effect?

A

protypical objects are easier to process

when listing objects from a category people think of the most protypical members first

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12
Q

What is the exemplar approach?

A

It is the idea that concepts are defined by multiple examples (examplers), instead of a single prototype

-instead of comparing to one prototype, compare to a set of examples
-represent things, not define them

exemplars are category members and not abstract

ex. when asked to name a fruit think of banana or apple first

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13
Q

What is the difference between the exemplar approach and prototype perspective?

A

-The representation isn’t abstract
-the representations are a specific example
-things you have seen/experienced before

ex. hear dog, think of golden retriever

the most similar a specific exemplar is known to a category member faster it will be categorized

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14
Q

Should we use prototypes or exemplars?

A

We can use both
-average exemplars are turned into prototypes
-keep exemplars for nonprototypical members

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15
Q

What is the hierarchy of categories?

A

-organizing categories can make things simpler to identify
-some categories fit easier than others

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16
Q

What are the 3 categories of the hierarchy of categories?

A

-superodridnate (global) level
-basic level
-subordinate (specific) level

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17
Q

What is the superordinate (global) level?

A

-it is very broad
-not much information given

ex. furniture

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18
Q

What is the basic level?

A

Typical example

ex. table

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19
Q

What is the subordinate (specifc) level?

A

-it is very narrow
-have a little bit of information

ex. a kitchen table

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20
Q

Why is the basic level special?

A

It is easier to identify basic level category
-children learn basic level concepts faster than other levels

different cultures tend to use the same basic level categories, typicall

ex. animal: cat or dog

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21
Q

How do we understand how people categorize objects?

A

to understand we must consider:
-properties of objects
-the learning and the experience that the percievers have
-that some people are more knowledgable for some levels than others

22
Q

What is the semantic network approach?

A

It is the idea that concepts in the mind are organized into networks
-related concepts are connected to each other

23
Q

What is collins and quillian’s hierarchical model?

A

it is a model for how concepts and properties are connected in the mind

concepts are stored in a hierarchy of nodes connected by links

each concepts has its own node and each node has properties associated with it

24
Q

What is cognitive economy?

A

Shared properties are only stored at higher level nodes

exceptions are stored at lower nodes (ex. penguins can’t fly)

a robin can fly is determined by looking at the bird node (typical for the category)

25
Q

What is spreading activation?

A

accesed nodes become activated
-when nodes are activated, activity spreads through the connected links

concepts that are activated are primed and more easily accessed from memory

26
Q

What are nodes?

A

They represent a concept or a feature

27
Q

What is a lexical decision task?

A

It is when participants read words and have to say as quickly as possible if the item is a word or not

ex. bloog (no), bloat (yes)

28
Q

What does spreading activation predict?

A

It predicts that words that are associated with each other will be responded to faster

reading the first word will activate the second and speed its processing

29
Q

What are the criticisms of Collins and Quillian’s model?

A

-it can’t explain typicality effects

ex. “a canary is a bird” is verified quickly, “a penguin is a bird” is verified slowly
-both concepts are one step away from the bird node

30
Q

What is Collins and Loftus spreading activation model?

A

-Links based on person’s experience
-no hierarchical structure
-shorter links to connect closely related concepts
-longer links for less closely related concepts

31
Q

What is explanatory power?

A

It is the theory can explain why an effect was observed

32
Q

What is the predictive power?

A

It is the theory that can make predictions about what might happen that can be empirically tested

33
Q

What is falsifiability?

A

when an experiment gathers results that couldn’t be predicted by the theory

34
Q

What is connectionism?

A

It’s an approach to creating info process models that are lightly based on how neurons operate

35
Q

What do neural networks consist of?

A

a set of interconnected neuron-like units and a connections between units

36
Q

What are the three layers of neural networks?

A

-input units
-hidden units
-output units

37
Q

What are input units?

A

-they are activated by external signals
-related to sensory stimulation from the environment

38
Q

What are hidden units?

A

they recieve input from input units

39
Q

What are output units?

A

they recieve info from the hidden units

40
Q

What are connection weights?

A

-they are related to the operation of synapses
-a large positive weight means that the next unit will be highly stimulated (excitaory connection
-a negative weight means that the more a unit is activated the more it will reduce the activity of the next unit (inhibitory connection)

41
Q

What is back propagation?

A

it is a process where error signals are sent back to the hidden units giving info about how the connection weights should be changed to

42
Q

What are error signals?

A

it is the difference between actual activity of each output unit and the correct activity

43
Q

How does learning occur?

A

-network responds to an input
-error signals are sent
-weights are modified to reduce output errors

the process repeats until the error is zero

44
Q

What is graceful degradation?

A

it is disruption of performance that occurs gradually as parts of the system are damaged

-this is similar what happens during brain damage

45
Q

What are categories in the brain?

A

different areas of the brain are involved in processing info about different categories

46
Q

What are category specific memory impairments?

A

it is the inability to recognize objects from specific categories

47
Q

What is crowding?

A

It is when some categories share many properties

it sometimes makes distinguishing between them difficult

ex. cats and dogs

48
Q

What is semantic dementia?

What damaged area is this involved with?

A

it is the general loss of semantic (including category) knowledge

the anterior temporal lobe is associated

49
Q

What is the hub and spoke model?

A

It is the concept that sensory and motor areas (spokes) store info about objects

ATL acts as a hub that coordinates the network and integrates info

visual info in visual processing areas and action info in motor area

50
Q

What happens when the alterior temporal lobe with tms are disrupted?

A

It disrupts categorization of artifacts and living objects

51
Q

What does disrupting the parietal cortex do?

A

It disrupts the categorization of artifacts

the parietal lobe is involved in motor processes related to manipulating artifacts

Cognitive Psyc (9 decks)

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