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carda > cognitive neuroscience (chapter 1) > Flashcards

cognitive neuroscience (chapter 1) Flashcards

1
Q

cells that carry information from one place to another

A

neurons

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2
Q

contains the nucleus and other cellular machinery necessary for cell functioning

A

cell body

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3
Q

carries information from the cell body to the synapse (the space between two neurons)

A

axon

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4
Q

receives input from other cells

A

dendritic tree

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5
Q

serve as “support cells” do not convey information like neurons

A

glia

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6
Q

modify the environment for neurons
remove dead neurons
myelinate axons: fatty tissue that insulates axons and increases speed of new transmission
help maintain blood brain barrier

A

functions of the glia

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7
Q

area with lots of myelination from glial cells

A

white matter

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8
Q

neuronal cell bodies

A

grey matter

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9
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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10
Q

everything but the central nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

bring info to the central nervous system

A

sensory neurons

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12
Q

associate information within the central nervous system

A

interneurons

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13
Q

send information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles

A

motor neurons

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14
Q

front of the brain

A

anterior

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15
Q

back of the brain

A

posterior

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16
Q

toward the front/head

A

rostral

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17
Q

toward the back/tail

A

caudal

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18
Q

top of the brain

A

superior

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19
Q

bottom of the brain

A

inferior

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20
Q

(4 legged animal) animals back

A

dorsal

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21
Q

(4 legged animal) animals stomach

A

ventral

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22
Q

towards the middle

A

medial

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23
Q

away from the middle

A

lateral

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24
Q

slicing the brain so the top is separated from the bottom

A

horizontal

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25
Q

slicing the brain ear to ear separating the from from the back

A

coronal

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26
Q

slicing the left side from the right side

A

saggital

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27
Q

fluid filled spaces

A

ventricles

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28
Q

a clear fluid that cushions the brain and is within the ventricles

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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29
Q

most prominent, left and right separated by tissue

A

lateral ventricles

30
Q

situated at midline, between left and right thalamus

A

3rd ventricle

31
Q

diamond shaped, behind pons and medulla

A

4th ventricle

32
Q

brings input from peripheral sensory organs TO brain and sends motor information OUT

A

spinal cord

33
Q

controls vital functions including breathing and heart rate, contains most of the cell bodies of the cranial nerves

A

medulla

34
Q

located posterior to the medulla, roles in movement, balance, posture control and cognition

A

cerebellum

35
Q

superior to medulla, anterior to cerebellum role in eye movement and balance

A

pons

36
Q

superior to pons, role in processing visual and auditory information, contains superior colliculus (important in visual systems) and inferior colliculus (important in auditory systems)

A

midbrain

37
Q

medulla, pons and midbrain

A

the brainstems

38
Q

major relay station for sensory information coming into the cortex and almost all motor information leaving it

A

thalamus

39
Q

helps body maintain a steady state (feeding, drinking, body temperature regulation, secretes hormones, fight or flight)

A

hypothalamus

40
Q

thalamus and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

41
Q

consists of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and the globes pallidus

A

basal ganglia

42
Q

important for motor control (helps control voluntary movement and can increase or decrease motor output)

A

basal ganglia

43
Q

important for emotions

A

the limbic system

44
Q

the bumps and grooves on the surface of the brain

A

cerebral cortex

45
Q

a convolution or bump

A

gyrus

46
Q

each valley between bumps

A

sulcus

47
Q

a very deep sulcus

A

fissure

48
Q

separates brain in an anterior posterior dimension

A

central fissure (rolandic fissure)

49
Q

dorsal ventral dimension

A

sylvian fissure (lateral)

50
Q

separates the right cerebral hemisphere from the left

A

longitudinal fissure (interhemispheric fissure)

51
Q

although all regions of cortex have five or six layers of cells, the relative thickness of each layer, as well as shape and size of cell within those layers varies between brain regions

A

cytoarchitectonic divisions

52
Q

divides the brain into distinct areas

A

broadmann map

53
Q

the part of the cortex that directly drives your motor output

A

primary motor cortex

54
Q

feeling, touch

A

primary sensory cortex/somatosensory cortex

55
Q

nerves making contact with our muscles and joints that allow us to know where we are in space

A

proprioception

56
Q

an area of the brain where information from multiple modalities is processed, regions that support abilities such as language, compassion, and foresight

A

association areas

57
Q

whats in between association areas?

A

combined information from various brain regions

58
Q

further processing of sensory information with object recognition, when we see a cup we know its a cup

A

multimodal

59
Q

functions are planning, guidance, and evaluation of behavior

A

frontal lobe

60
Q

when damaged there are usually behavioral changes

A

frontal lobe damage

61
Q

function is to integrate information across sensory modalities

A

parietal lobe

62
Q

when damaged, hemineglect (ignoring one side of space, usually left side) is usually a result

A

parietal lobe damage

63
Q

function: memory, visual item recognition, emotion, auditory processing

A

temporal lobe

64
Q

when damaged, inability to recognize common objects is a result

A

temporal lobe damage

65
Q

input (perception)

A
  • Speech sounds perception test (auditory)

* Tactile perception test (touch)

66
Q

attention, concentration and memory

A
  • Digit span (how many numbers can you repeat)

* Trail making test

67
Q

language skills

A
  • Ability to understand spoken language defining words

* Phonological processing: speech sounds in reading

68
Q

♣ Visual spatial skills

A

Block design

• Rey-ostereith complex figure

69
Q

♣ Concept formation, reasoning and logic analysis

A
  • Matrix reasoning

* Wisconsin card sorting test

70
Q

♣ Output/motor skills

A
  • Fine motor skills (grooved pegs, finger tapping test)

* Gross motor skills (walking/throwing/catching)

71
Q

o Halstead-Reitan Battery

A

♣ Common neuropsychological test battery
♣ Assesses many domains functioning
♣ Takes 8 months

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