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B exam review > Cognitive Engineering > Flashcards

Cognitive Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between cognitive engineering and HCI

A
  • top-down vs bottom-up

- need to know what people are doing with technology in cog eng; HCI = graphics

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2
Q

Cognitive engineering triad

A

(1) agents (2) world (3) technology artifact

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3
Q

Artifacts

A

things that are designed

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4
Q

Design the window, but…

A

don’t eat the menu

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

context independent

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6
Q

Industrial engineering tradition

A

tasks are independent and quantifiable

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7
Q

Supervisory control

A

We just monitor

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8
Q

Why complete automation won’t work

A

Impossible to predict unknown

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9
Q

Issues relating to complexity

A
  • risk
  • lots of interconnected parts
  • dynamic
  • time pressure
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10
Q

Idiot-proof myth

A
  • make systems safe from their users or operators

- myth because people design them in prospective environments / designers are people too

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11
Q

Deskilling myth

A
  • automation replaces skill
  • only unskilled labor left
  • myth because they need new skills to deal with automated system
  • automate vs. informate
  • automation leads to new opportunies
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12
Q

Top down approach

A

theoretical / directed

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13
Q

Bottom-up approach

A

evidence / experiential

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14
Q

Rationalized work

A
  • business process
  • procedures
  • work flow
  • assembly line
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15
Q

Activity oriented view of work

A

opposite from rationalized work

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16
Q

Synchronous

A

telephone

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17
Q

asynchronous

A

email

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18
Q

colocated

A

same location

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19
Q

distributed

A

different locations

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20
Q

authority-responsibility double bind

A

can’t control comp, but responsible for outcomes

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21
Q

Schema

A
  • data structures
  • stereotypes
  • lead to expectation about meaning
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22
Q

Phenomological

A
  • conscious

- what we think schema are

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23
Q

Task-artifact cycle

A

Small changes cause huge change, new opportunities

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24
Q

Cognitive artifact

A

Tool that replaces or acts cognitively with memory and planning
- makes cues apparent to retrieve schema

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25
Q

Distributed cognition

A
  • system of people and tools

- cognition emerges from the interaction of people and tools

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26
Q

Properties of distributed cognitive system

A
  • representation is observable
  • multiple people’s knowledge
  • communication and coordination
  • memory/computational aids
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27
Q

Overlearned

A

happens when the world is predictable

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28
Q

Why model work domain?

A
  • to create better displays
  • to create better documentation
  • to make human-centered automation schemes
  • communication and task coordination / social-technical organization
  • training
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29
Q

CWA

A
  • WDA
  • CTA
  • Strategies
  • Social organization
  • knowledge/skills
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30
Q

CTA in CWA

A

the “what”

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31
Q

Strategies in CWA

A

the “how”

32
Q

Social/organizational in CWA

A

the “who”

33
Q

Concept mapping

A

allows mapping of semantic network

34
Q

data collection

A
  • analytic formalisms / representations

- good systems explicitly ID system/info requirements

35
Q

Design traceability

A

documenting the relationships between layers of information

36
Q

Task analysis

A
  • set of goals and subgoals
37
Q

Normative

A

what should be done

38
Q

Descriptive

A

What actually gets done (task analysis)

39
Q

Problems with HTA

A
  • will always be unanticipated events
  • even for anticipated events, cannot develop complete procedures due to uncertainty and complexity
  • differences in expertise lead to different strategies
40
Q

Abstraction hierarchy

A

multiple levels of system description

41
Q

Going down in AH

A

the “how”

42
Q

Going up in AH

A

the “why”

43
Q

Levels in AH

A 
Functional purpose
Abstract functions/priorities/abstract constraints
General Processes
Physical Function
Physical Form
44
Q

What do nodes in AH represent

A

Things that need to be measured for effective system control

45
Q

Functional Purpose

A

Produce radiators/be cost effective

46
Q

Abstract Functions

A

Conservation of materials; inventory flows; monetary flows; safety; labor constraints

47
Q

General Processes

A

Forming; brazing; assembly; storage; testing; transporting

48
Q

Physical Function

A

Copper; aluminum; sheets; pipestock; assembly lines

49
Q

Physical form

A

Where is it? Quality of it; layout

50
Q

Control Task Analysis

A

What is necessary to develop system

Inputs->outputs

51
Q

EID

A
  • develop controls/displays

- allow support/lowest level of cognitive control possible

52
Q

Example of EID

A

Turning the game of 15 into the tic tac toe game

53
Q

Information limits that lead to bias

A
  • unpredictable
  • cannot feasibly enumerate
  • utilities / probabilities unknown
54
Q

Heuristics

A

simplify problems, make them tractable, results in predictable biases

55
Q

Ecological decision making

A

(1) world (2) (cognition) choice, processes (3) action

56
Q

feedforward

A
  • low time pressure
  • errors/changes
  • costly
  • smaller range of acceptability
  • known/simple model of the world
57
Q

feedback

A
  • high time pressure
  • cheap/easy to correct errors
  • many acceptable solutions
  • model is complex/unknown, many interactions
58
Q

Situated action / ecological psychology

A

decisions are very context-dependent, can’t model cognition

59
Q

Brunswik’s view on ecological psychology

A

judgment and representative design -> vicarious functioning

60
Q

Affordance

A

what the environment offers to the animals, what it provides or furnishes

61
Q

Structure of organism/environment relation

A

world = true state
proximal cues = mediating
perception = judgment
(ambiguity between world and proximal cues)

62
Q

Lens model

A

criteria->cues->judgment
environmental predictability; judgment consistency

regression environment; regression judgment

achievement = corr(total yE, yS)
knowledge = corr(ind yE, yS)
63
Q

Cognitive engineering

A

Engineering of human-technology systems in which humans and technology work together to solve problems

64
Q

What becomes apparent when you study a work system in transition?

A

old, implicit work is revealed

65
Q

Clumsy automation

A

increases work at times of high demand, works primarily when tasks/demands are low

66
Q

Why is deskilling a myth?

A

new technology transforms workers’ skills

67
Q

Irony of automation

A

operators have to pay more attention so that they can react in urgent situations

68
Q

Problems with rationalization of work

A

fails to capture implicit elements

69
Q

Informate

A

give information rather than automate

70
Q

Propositional knowledge

A

world is represented in symbols connected to each other

71
Q

Analogical knowledge

A

world is represented in images - discrete, but able to be manipulated

72
Q

Procedural knowledge

A

knowledge of how to do things

73
Q

Means-ends approach

A

(1) where they currently stand
(2) what they are allowed to do to bring them closer
depends on individual strategies and perceptual properties of task

74
Q

Role of metaphor

A

People come up with interpretations of target domain based on their understanding of metaphor domain

75
Q

Difference between novices and experts

A

different schemas - abstract vs. surface, chunking

76
Q

Rasmussen’s three categories of behavior

A

skill-based (signals)
rule-based (signs)
knowledge-based (symbols with abstract concepts)

77
Q

Point of external representation

A

to make problem solving direct (skill/rule based)

B exam review (7 decks)

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