Cognitive Engineering 2

Question 1

Implicit elements - against rationalization of work

Answer 1

Paper pulp factory (taste, touch)
TTS (communication, catering questions)
Office (touching paper, own handwriting)
Graphic designers (hanging papers, seeing drafts)
(Air traffic control paper)
(foam manufacturers)

Question 2

Transform to managers (deskilling)

Answer 2

Paper pulp factory (monitoring machines from separate room)

Office (making sure filing was correct)

Question 3

System in transition

Answer 3

TTS (went back to old ways)
Physician chart paper
Operating room - cardiac anesthesia

Question 4

Distributed cognition

Answer 4

Understanding calendar use 
Air traffic control paper
Bartender paper
Physician chart paper
Hospital whiteboard

Question 5

External vs. internal representations (mental models, schema)

Answer 5

Charlie’s runtime estimator (internal->external)
Representation of knowledge (3 types)
Tower of Hanoi/Cannibles (goals-means)
Electricity metaphor (metaphor influences internal)
Physics problems (novices vs expert schema)
Chess (chunking)
Navigation (computation vs. Micronesian schema)
Tic Tac Toe (external representation affected strategy)
Signals, signs and symbols

Question 6

Dangers of automation/complexity of environment

Answer 6

Ironies of automation
Automation surprises on airbus (lack situation awareness)
Operating room - cardiac anesthesia (task/system tailoring)

Question 7

Decision making

Answer 7

Heuristics paper (insensitivity to probabilities, predictability, availability)
Firefighters (dynamic feedback delay)
Hedge clipping (feedback because actions influence world)

Question 8

Ecological approach/situated action

Answer 8

Photocopier article (better cues)
Earwig article (just need perception, no higher cognitive ability)
Kirlik (real world is too unspecific to be generalizable)
Low altitude flight
Intuitive vs. expert judgment (intuitive out-performed)