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Adolescence > Cognitive Changes: Theories & Milestones > Flashcards

Cognitive Changes: Theories & Milestones Flashcards

1
Q

What are some Major cognitive and psychosocial changes for both males and females during adolescences

Early, Middle, Late

A

Early: COncrete thinking, sexual identity, and orientation development, body image, peer identifaction
Middle: Abstrat thinking, moral development, religious and political views, invicibility, romantic interests
Late: Better impulse control, further development of middle adolescence tasks, autonomy, vocational development

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2
Q

Who were Piaget and Binet? What did they study with adolescences?

A
  • One of the most important psychologists who studied children using standardized tests of logical reasoning.
  • More interested in children who were getting the answers wrong
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3
Q

What did piaget observe with the standardized tests?

A
  • Children reason differently at different ages which explained that cognitive processes differ with age
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What are the three main stages all children go through for knowledge founded by piaget?

A

Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration

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6
Q

WHat is assimilation?

A

Understanding new information in terms of exisitng knowledge (fitting new ideas into pre-exisiting schemas)

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7
Q

What is accomodation?

A

Change existing concepts in response to new experiences (changes to accomodate ideas that conflict with exisiting schemas)

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8
Q

What is Equilibration?

A

Schemas can account for new information

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9
Q

How does Piaget define the sensorimotor stage? What age is this stage?

A

0-2yrs
- Sensory perception and motor bhevaiour
- object permanence
- language acquisition
Capability to use mental symbols to understand different objects, people, things

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10
Q

How does Piaget define the preoperational stage? What ages are in this stage?

A

2-7 yrs old
- Symbolic thinking
- Meta-cognition: language, memory and imagination
- Egocentrisim

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11
Q

How does Piaget define the Concrete operational stage? What age is this stage?

A

7-11yrs old
- Development of logic
- Reversability: Concepts can be reversed
- Conservation: something can change in shape but is still has the same properties
- Decentration: Able ot concentrate on many aspects of a problem… shift focus from oneself as the centre of the actual problem… can focus and conceptualize hte future… weight costs and benefits

* not great at multitasking in this age group*

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12
Q

How does Piaget define the sensorimotor stage? What age is this stage?

A

11-12+ yrs old
- Abstract thinking/logical reasoning
- “What might be”

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13
Q

What are the four stages do all children go through viewed from piaget?

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage
  2. Preoperational stage
  3. Concrete operational stage
  4. Formal operations
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14
Q

What is symbolic thinking?

A

Playing pretend or make belief

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15
Q

What is meta-cognition?

A

Metacognition is, put simply, thinking about one’s thinking. More precisely, it refers to the processes used to plan, monitor, and assess one’s understanding and performance.

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16
Q

What is egocentrisim?

A

The lack of ability to step into another persons shoes. Focusing soley on oneself.

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17
Q

What is reversability?

A

Concepts that be reversed… E.g., your dog is a lab, a lab is a dog, dog is an animal.

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18
Q

What is conservation?

A

Something has the ability to change in shape but still keeps its properties

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19
Q

What is decentration?

A

The ability to concentrate on many aspects of a problem … The focus shifts from oneself as the centre of the problem to the actual problem… Adolescents learn how to shift their focus from the immediate situation but to the future… Weighing the costs and benefits

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20
Q

What is the competence performance gap with adolescences? what age does this happen?

A

A period during ages 11-13 where there is performance gap of when a child undertsands a concept and when they can demonstrate their understanding
- They might be able to udnerstand a concept but unable to perform the concept

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21
Q

What are some critques found of piaget?

A
  • Piaget studied mostly boys
  • Observations are biased both personally and culturally
  • Not sequential, you can jump between stages or develop traits.
22
Q

What is the information processing model? what re the four areas of improvement during adolescences?

A

Mental development
1. Attention
2. Working memory
3. Processing speed
4. Organization

23
Q

What are the two types of attention for information processing?

A
  1. Selective: Can focus on one thing and tune out another
  2. Divided: Can pay attention to 2 things at once
24
Q

What are the 4 types of memory for information processing?

A
  1. Working memory
  2. Long-Term memory
  3. Autobiographical: Better able to remember life events
  4. Reminiscence Bump: Recall experiences from adolescence onward
25
Q

How is speed and organization catergorized within information processing?

A
  1. Processing speed:
    * Process and solve problems faster
    * Biggest increase during adolescence
  2. Organization
    * Use orginzational strategies when solving problems
26
Q

How does the brain change between ages 0-2

A

Between the ages of 0-2, there is an overproduction in the synaptic connections in the brain… Hence why we stimulate babies with toys

27
Q

What is Pruning? where is it found?

A
  • Found in grey matter
  • The process of discarding unused neurons in the brain to allow room for new connections to develop
28
Q

What is myelination? Where is it found? when is this process most prevalent?

A
  • Found in the white matter of the brain
  • Fatty substance protecting the neurons
  • Stimulated by puberty and experiences
    -Most prevalent in adolescence
29
Q

When do our brains start branching off in order to create our own likes and preferences based on social influences?

A

Adolescences (13-14)

30
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A

During childhood and adolescence, it is seen that the brain is malleable and easily swayed by experiences

31
Q

What occurs in the brain with regards to brain plasticity?

A

Changes of neural structure of the brain

32
Q

What changes in adolescence?

What is the prefrontal cortex? What is its importance?

A
  • Brains CEO
  • Associated with planning, memory, mood, organization
  • Controls the risk and rewards while controlling impulses from other areas of the brain
  • Synaptic pruning and myleination occurs prodominantly in this cortex
33
Q

What is the Amygdala? What functions does it control?

A

A structure in the brain that controls the flight or fight
- Emotional responses & memory

34
Q

What is the hippocampus? What does it control?

A

A structure in the brain that is similar to a filing cabinet, it filters and stores experiences and memories

35
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A structure in the brain that controls the sensory regulation within the body

36
Q

What occurs when the limbic system hasnt fully developed?

A
  • Impulse control is lessened
37
Q

5 Key Cognitive Milestones

What are the 5 key cognitive milestones?

A
  1. Thinking about possabilities
  2. Abstract Concepts
  3. Thinking about thinking
  4. Multidimensionality
  5. Adolescent relativism
38
Q

5 Key cognitive milestones

What are the key points of the first milestone; thinking avout possibilities?
When does it develop?

A
  • Hypothetical deductive reasoning: If/then thinking (major cognitive tasks)
  • Can move easily from specific & general scenarios
  • Start thinking about future career possibilities
  • Develops around 11
39
Q

What is mentalizing?

A

Understanding other people’s perspectives and mental states… Beyond academics, we see reasoning happening in social situations

40
Q

5 Key cognitive milestones

What is abstract concepts? What does this concept involve?

A

Abstract concepts is the 2nd out of 5 key milestones
- Abstract reasoning
- Interpersonal relations develop
- Starting to think more about politics, philosophy, and religion

41
Q

5 Key cognitive milestones

What is thiking about thinking? What does it involve?

A

THinking about thinking is the third out of 5 key milestones which involves main topics like metacognition and egocentrism

42
Q

What is metacognition?

A
  • it refers to the processes used to plan, monitor, and assess one’s understanding and performance
  • Thinking about thinking
  • use of Introspection
  • higher levels of Self-conciousness
  • has the Capacity to reflect on ones thoughts and behaviours
  • seen as more self absorbed
  • higher levels of Decision-making
43
Q

What are three central aspects of Egocentrism?

A
  1. Imaginary audience
  2. Personal Fable
  3. Invicinability
44
Q

What is Imaginary Audience?

A

Imagined behaviour is the focus of everyone’s attention

45
Q

What is personal fable?

A

A belief held by adolescents telling them that they are special and unique, so much so that none of life’s difficulties or problems will affect them regardless of their behavior

46
Q

What is inviciability?

A

Belief in own uniquness; what happens to others wont happen to me

47
Q

5 Key cognitive milestones

What is Multidimensionality?

A
  • The ability to think in multiple dimensions with the ability to describe themselves and others in more complex ways
  • Ability to understand double-entendres
48
Q

5 Key cognitive milestones

What is Adolescent Relativism?

A

Adolescents are more likely to question others’ assertions and less likely to accept information as absolute truth
- Thoughts are less seen to be “black and white” or absolute terms
- Skepticism

49
Q

What is the social brain?

A
  • sensitivity to social cues by social evaluation and peer influence/pressure
50
Q

How is the social brian activated? What occurs when the social brain is activated?

A
  • Activated when inferring others facial expression
  • Face processing occurs when social brain is activated as theres a greater neural activity in striatum and prefrontal cortex
  • Mental state attribution is activated which is understanding sarcasm and perspective taking
  • Social emotional processing is activated which is cortex activation
51
Q

Social brain

Why are adolescents more vulnerable to substance use?

A
  • seeks higher levels of rewards
  • susceptiable to depression and anxiety
  • peer presence which leads to peer pressure

Adolescence (6 decks)

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