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Adolescence > Biological Changes: Timing and Tempo > Flashcards

Biological Changes: Timing and Tempo Flashcards

1
Q

What is timing?

A

When Puberty occurs?

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2
Q

WHat is tempo?

A

How quick someone matures

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3
Q

Secular Trend

What is the secular trend? where is it most evident?

A

Puberty starts earlier and earlier with each decade
- Seen most in western countries

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4
Q

Secular Trend

Why is it not good for girls to hit puberty earlier?

mentality? Hormones?

A
  • Childhood is shorter
  • Men might try to pray on the young girls
  • Adult duties placed on the girl
  • Pubertal hormones affect the brain, make youth more inclined for thrill seeking, impulse control and self-regulation hasn’t developed yet in turn leads to an increase in harmful activities.
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5
Q

Secular Trend

Which gender is less documented on in the secular trend?

A

Less documented among boys
- Some idnictors that it happens to boys as well

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6
Q

Secular Trend

What is precocious puberty? Males and Females

A
  • Early HPG reactivation
  • Females: breast or pubic hair before 8 years
  • Male: Genital development before 9 years
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7
Q

Secular Trend

What is the name for the start of breast growth?

A

Thelarce

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8
Q

Secular Trend

How many girls start menarche in the first stage of puberty?

A

1/3

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9
Q

Secular Trend

What are some other reasons for the secular trend to occur?

A
  • Changes in enviroment over time
  • Healthier environments are seen to have started puberty later as theres less reasons for stress to cause puberty
  • Minortized groups are affected heavily due to stress
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10
Q

The Secular Trend

How do Endocrine Disruptors relate to the secular trend? What specific Endocrine disruptors start puberty earlier?

A

Chemicals mimicking and/or antogonizing hormones
- Methylparaben
- Diethyl phthalate (DEP)
- Butyl Phthalate (DnBP)
- Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP)
- Triclosan

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11
Q

What products do teens use that can start puberty earlier? how does this happen?

A

Chemicals in our products mimic the function of hormones and lead to earlier puberty
- SHampoos
- Soaps
- Perfumes

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12
Q

Do higher or lower concentrations of Endocrine disruptors induce puberty?

A

Higher concentrations

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13
Q

Which countries does menarche start earlier? Why?

Food? Bodies?

A

western cuntries
- The nutrition in western countries has higher percentage of soy and calories, which leads to increase of body fat or obesity. This leads to an earlier menarche in girls

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14
Q

What theory has been seen to start puberty earlier for girls?

Men? non blood?

A

Presence of a step father within the family home
- possibky becasue of the exposure to non-biologically related male pheromones

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15
Q

Can family stress and conflict effect the start of puberty? why?

A

Tension in the fmaily will effect the cortisol levels and other hormones which leads to earlier puberty

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16
Q

What are the implications for early vs late pubertal maturation amoung boys and girls?

Health?

A
  • Impact on mental health
  • sunstance abuse, anxiety, depression
  • Greater risk for cardiovascular disease
  • Higher risk for certian cancers due to estrogen from young age
  • Higher levels of obesity with early menarche
17
Q

What are the psychosocial implications for early vs late pubertal maturation among boys and girls?

Positive? Negative?

A
  • Isolation
  • Flooding of hormones
  • sexualization at younger ages
  • self-esteem can fluxuate
  • Exclusion and bullying
  • Mental distress
18
Q

What is maturational devience hypothesis?

A

Adolescents who develop either earlier or later relative to peers experience psychological distress and manifest behavior problems

19
Q

What are some risks girls are prone to with maturational devience hypothesis?

A
  • Depressed moods
  • negative body image
  • disordered eating
  • substance abuse
  • delinquency
  • Aggressive behaviour
  • School problems
  • conflict with parents
  • Harassment, bullying
  • Risky sexual behaviour
  • Increased adult expectations
20
Q

What risks do boys experience with maturational devience hypothesis?

A
  • Substance abuse
  • Delinquency and antisocial behaviour
  • School problems
  • Bullying
  • Risky sexual behaviour
  • Increasrd adult expectations
21
Q

What are some positive outcomes of early vs later maturers for girls?

A
  • More popular
  • Less likely to have difficulties with peers
  • more socially skilled
  • favourable body image
22
Q

What are some positive outcomes of early vs later maturers for boys?

A
  • More popular
  • More peer admiration
  • better self-esteem
  • favourable body imaeg
23
Q

Secular Trend

With regards to the secular trend, where is most of the research taken from?

A
  • Most studies were conducted with White adolescents in the west
24
Q

Which race begins puberty earlier than others?

A

Black girls begin puberty earlier than white girls

25
Q

What are some repsonses to puberty across cultures?

A
  • Different puuberty rituals
  • Girls: Menarche is often marked with a ritual
  • Boys: Doesn’t focus on a particular biological event
  • Mixed beliefs whether menstrual blood is a bad omen or a positive sign
26
Q

What is delayed phase preference?

A
  • Adolescents tend to stay up later and sleep later in the morning
27
Q

What is the ideal sleep schedule for adolescents

A

go to bed around 12-1 am and wake up at 10am

28
Q

What factors affect sleep patterns in adolescence?

Biology and hormones

A

Cortisol: Increases in puberty
LH: its secretion increases during sleep in aodlescence
Melatonin: Secreted from the pineal gland

29
Q

When does cortisol peak and lower within the adolesscent body?

A

Cortisol follows the circadian rhythm and peaks thirty minutes after waking up and lowers significantly before bed

30
Q

What age is it seen that melatonin is most prevalent?

A

4yrs-7yrs

31
Q

Does body temperature affect sleep patterns in adolescents?

A

yes. Body temp is higher during the day and lowers signifcantly during nighttime hours in order to prepare the body to sleep

32
Q

How does melatonin affect sleep patterns in adolescences?

A

Melatonin affects kisspeptin which is seen with the onset of puberty

33
Q

What other factors can affect levels of melatonin and sleep patterns?

A
  • Blue light… screen time
  • melatonin pills… not recommended for teens to take
  • Diet/physical activity
  • sleep habits

Adolescence (6 decks)

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