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Cognitive and biological psychology > Cognitive and biopsychology lecture 5 > Flashcards

Cognitive and biopsychology lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is retrieval in the context of memory?

A

Process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store.

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3
Q

What are recall tests?

A

Subject must reproduce information with limited or no influence from external cues.

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4
Q

What is the difference between recognition tasks and recall tasks?

A

Recognition tasks present items for the person to determine if they were previously encountered, while recall tasks require reproduction without external cues.

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5
Q

What is the ‘tip of the tongue’ phenomenon?

A

A failure in retrieval where a person feels close to recalling information but cannot access it.

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6
Q

What does the term ‘marginal knowledge’ refer to?

A

Knowledge that is available in memory but may not always be accessible.

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7
Q

What is the significance of context cues in memory recall?

A

Context cues can enhance recall by providing a familiar environment related to the learned information.

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8
Q

What did Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924) find regarding forgetting in LTM?

A

Recall is better after sleep, emphasizing interference over decay.

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9
Q

Define proactive interference.

A

Old memories interfere with the ability to remember new memories.

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10
Q

Define retroactive interference.

A

New memories interfere with the ability to remember old memories.

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11
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Severe impairment to long-term memory caused by brain damage.

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12
Q

What are the types of amnesia?

A
  • Anterograde amnesia
  • Retrograde amnesia
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13
Q

What is the temporal gradient of amnesia, also known as Ribot’s law?

A

Recent memories are more likely to be lost than older memories.

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14
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

A

Key area for long-term memory; involved in memory consolidation.

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15
Q

How does Korsakoff syndrome affect memory?

A

Leads to loss of episodic memory due to brain damage from thiamine deficiency.

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16
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A
  • Anterograde: Inability to form new memories
  • Retrograde: Inability to recall past memories
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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The process that makes a memory for an event enduring is called _______.

A

[consolidation]

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18
Q

What is the procedure used by Brown and McNeil (1966) to study retrieval?

A

Subjects were given definitions to low-frequency words and attempted to recall the associated word.

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19
Q

What is the main finding of Godden & Baddeley’s (1975) free-recall experiment?

A

Words learned in one context are recalled better in that same context.

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20
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

A
  • Explicit: Requires conscious retrieval
  • Implicit: Does not require conscious retrieval
21
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

A type of implicit memory that involves skills and actions.

22
Q

What is the impact of interference on short-term memory?

A

Interference can significantly reduce recall accuracy, as shown in studies.

23
Q

What happens to memory traces in short-term memory when not rehearsed?

A

They decay quickly.

24
Q

What is the role of schemas in memory retrieval?

A

Schemas can influence how memories are reconstructed and recalled.

25
Q

What are the primary brain functions discussed?

A

Perception, emotion, cognition

26
Q

Where are consolidated memories argued to be located?

A

In the neocortex

27
Q

What is retrograde amnesia linked to?

A

Problems with memory consolidation

28
Q

What does the process of consolidation involve?

A

Transfer of information from one brain region to another and gradual re-organization

29
Q

What are the two broad processes of memory consolidation?

A
  • Hippocampal consolidation
  • Systems consolidation
30
Q

What is the difference between hippocampal consolidation and systems consolidation?

A

Hippocampal consolidation is the rapid initial encoding of new information, while systems consolidation takes much longer to transfer information for long-term storage.

31
Q

What does the Multiple Trace Theory suggest?

A

Consolidation creates multiple traces of a memory in the brain

32
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories after a critical incident

33
Q

Who is the famous patient associated with anterograde amnesia?

A

Patient H.M.

34
Q

What type of amnesia did patient N.A. experience?

A

Persistent anterograde amnesia

35
Q

What does the complexity of amnesia imply?

A

Amnesia is not simply losing all past memories or the ability to learn new ones

36
Q

What are the two main types of long-term memory?

A
  • Declarative (Explicit)
  • Non-declarative (Implicit)
37
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Memory for skills and tasks

38
Q

Which task was used to demonstrate procedural memory in amnesic patients?

A

Mirror-drawing task

39
Q

What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?

A

Semantic memory is knowledge of facts, while episodic memory is the recollection of personal experiences

40
Q

In retrograde amnesia, which type of memory is typically affected?

A

Both episodic and semantic memory

41
Q

What did the case of patient K.C. reveal about semantic and episodic memory?

A

He had no episodic memory but intact semantic knowledge

42
Q

What was observed in the case of patient Jon regarding memory types?

A

Poor episodic memory but intact semantic memory

43
Q

What effect does prior semantic knowledge have on episodic learning in amnesia?

A

Semantic knowledge can support acquisition of new episodic information

44
Q

What is the Method of Loci?

A

A memory technique that associates items to familiar locations

45
Q

What is the Pegword system?

A

A mnemonic device that associates pegwords with items to aid recall

46
Q

What is a finding from the study by Goodwin et al. (1970) regarding alcohol and memory?

A

Alcohol consumption inhibits the formation of new memories

47
Q

What is a common misconception about amnesia?

A

That all types of memory are equally affected

48
Q

True or False: Amnesic patients can learn new skills.

A

True

Cognitive and biological psychology (7 decks)

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