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Cognitive and biological psychology > Cognitive and biopsychology lecture 4 > Flashcards

Cognitive and biopsychology lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of memory?

A

The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information.

Oxford Dictionary defines memory as the power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms.

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2
Q

What are the three main processes of memory?

A
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval

These processes are analogous to information processing by computers.

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3
Q

What is encoding in the context of memory?

A

Transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system.

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4
Q

What is storage in the context of memory?

A

Retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.

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5
Q

What is retrieval in the context of memory?

A

Recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it.

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6
Q

Which type of memory is characterized by a store of sensory information?

A

Sensory Memory (SM)

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7
Q

What does iconic memory specifically refer to?

A

A store of visual information.

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8
Q

What did Sperling’s (1960) experiment suggest about iconic memory?

A

Iconic store either has a limited capacity or the information decays rapidly.

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9
Q

What is the average recall of letters in Sperling’s Experiment 1?

A

Participants averaged a recall of four letters.

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10
Q

What does echoic memory refer to?

A

Auditory sensory memory.

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11
Q

What is the duration for which iconic memory decays?

A

Within 500 milliseconds.

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12
Q

What is the capacity of short-term memory (STM) according to Miller’s (1956) theory?

A

Approximately 7 items/chunks.

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13
Q

What is chunking in the context of memory?

A

Grouping several numbers or letters together to aid recall.

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14
Q

What is the word length effect?

A

Mean memory span is greater for shorter words compared to longer words.

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15
Q

What did Cowan (2001) claim about STM capacity?

A

STM is limited to only 4 (+ or – 1) items.

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16
Q

What are recency effects in memory recall?

A

The tendency to recall words from the end of a list.

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17
Q

What is the role of maintenance rehearsal in STM?

A

Necessary to retain information in STM.

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18
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Necessary to transfer information from STM to LTM.

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19
Q

Who proposed the Working Memory Model?

A

Baddeley and Hitch (1974).

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20
Q

What are the components of the phonological loop?

A
  • Phonological store
  • Articulatory control processes

Concerned with speech perception and production.

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21
Q

What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad store?

A

Spatial and visual information.

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22
Q

What is the function of the central executive in the Working Memory Model?

A

Integrates and coordinates information from other components.

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23
Q

True or False: STM and LTM are considered separate systems.

A

False

Originally, it was stated that STS and LTS do not require different parts of the brain.

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24
Q

How does the depth of processing affect memory retention?

A

Deeper levels of processing lead to more elaborate and stronger memory traces.

25
Q

What is the phonological similarity effect?

A

Recalling words is worse with phonologically similar lists compared to dissimilar ones.

26
Q

What does the term ‘working memory’ refer to?

A

A temporary mental workspace that performs complex tasks important for functioning.

27
Q

What are the two components of visuo-spatial working memory?

A

Visual cache and Inner scribe

Visual cache stores information about visual form and colour; Inner scribe processes spatial and movement information.

28
Q

What does the visual cache do?

A

Stores information about visual form and colour.

29
Q

What is the function of the inner scribe?

A

Processes spatial and movement information and transfers information from the cache to the central executive.

30
Q

What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad’s capacity according to Vogel et al. (2001)?

A

Approximately four items.

31
Q

Which brain areas are activated during visual processing?

A

Occipital and temporal lobes.

32
Q

Which brain area is activated during spatial processing?

A

Parietal cortex.

33
Q

What affects performance in spatial- and visual-based memory tasks?

A

The type of interference.

34
Q

What is the role of the Central Executive in working memory?

A

Drives the whole system and allocates data to the subsystems.

35
Q

True or False: The Central Executive deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic.

A

True.

36
Q

What are the Executive Processes according to Baddeley (1996)?

A

Focusing attention, assigning/dividing attention, and communicating with long-term memory.

37
Q

What did Robbins et al. (1996) study about chess moves?

A

Effects of secondary tasks on quality of chess-move selection.

38
Q

Which component of Baddeley & Hitch’s model is responsible for verbal information?

A

Phonological loop.

39
Q

What is the capacity of the episodic buffer?

A

Limited capacity system.

40
Q

What does the episodic buffer integrate?

A

Information from a range of sources.

41
Q

What happens once information passes from sensory to short-term memory?

A

It can be encoded into long-term memory.

42
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Vivid, detailed, and highly accurate memories related to dramatic experiences.

43
Q

What did Brown and Kulik (1977) argue about flashbulb memories?

A

They are different from other memories in longevity, accuracy, and reliance on a special neural mechanism.

44
Q

What factors do flashbulb memories typically include?

A
  • An ongoing event
  • Location at the time of the event
  • How they were informed
  • Own emotional state
  • Emotional state of others
  • Impact of the event on themselves.
45
Q

True or False: Flashbulb memories are immune to accuracy decay over time.

A

False.

46
Q

What did Sharot et al. (2007) find about recollection of events after 9/11?

A

Those close to the World Trade Centre had more detailed and vivid memories.

47
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A
  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory.
48
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General encyclopaedic knowledge of the world and language.

49
Q

What are episodic memories?

A

Memories for episodes or events in our lives.

50
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

Memory for the events in one’s life.

51
Q

What is the difference between autobiographical and episodic memories?

A

Autobiographical memories have personal significance.

52
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

Lack of memories prior to 3 years old.

53
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Memory revealed when performance on a task is facilitated in the absence of conscious recollection.

54
Q

What does ‘knowing how’ refer to?

A

Procedural memory.

55
Q

What is the significance of the amygdala in memory?

A

It is involved in laying down long-term memory.

56
Q

What happens to accuracy of flashbulb memories over time according to Talarico & Rubin (2003)?

A

Flashbulb memories decay the same as everyday memories.

57
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A
  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory.
58
Q

Fill in the blank: Autobiographical memories are a form of _______.

A

declarative memory.

Cognitive and biological psychology (7 decks)

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