cognitive

Question 1

STM is?

Answer 1

short term memory

Question 2

LTM is?

Answer 2

long term memory

Question 3

Duration of LTM?

Answer 3

Very long (possibly unlimited)

Question 4

Duration of STM?

Answer 4

short

Question 5

how long does STM last for (Average)

Answer 5

20 seconds

Question 6

What is Acoustic coding?

Answer 6

Encoding information as the way it sounds

Question 7

What is Semantic coding?

Answer 7

Encoding information from its meaning

Question 8

describe the stages of the multi-store model

Answer 8

sensory memory gets converted to short term through concentration. Short term gets converted to long term via repetition. To put long term back into short term concentration is required. Each conversion requires effort.

Question 9

what area of the brain deals with short term memory?

Answer 9

The prefrontal cortex

Question 10

what area of the brain deals with long term memory?

Answer 10

The hippo-campus

Question 11

name some strengths of the multi-store model

Answer 11

Many memory studies provide evidence to support the distinction between STM and LTM

supported by the HM case study

Question 12

name some weaknesses of the multi-store model

Answer 12

The model is oversimplified, in particular when it suggests that both short-term and long-term memory each operate in a single, uniform fashion. We now know is this not the case.

Stm can be converted to ltm via encoding as well as repetition

Question 13

Name all the components to the working memory model

Answer 13

central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketch pad and episodic buffer

Question 14

what does the central executive do?

Answer 14

the central executive controls all the slave components.

Question 15

what does the phonological loop do?

Answer 15

it processes sound information

Question 16

what is the episodic buffer?

Answer 16

not much is known about this store. it was thrown into the working memory model to explain why amnesia patients could remember some passages from a book immediately despite having no long term recall

Question 17

what is the visuo-spatial sketch pad?

Answer 17

the visualization of surroundings and interaction that aren’t currently happening

Question 18

what evidence is there for the the central executive

Answer 18

when participants where asked to use two components at once (e.g visuo-spatial sketch pad and phonological loop) a new area of the brain showed up on scans.

Question 19

what evidence is there for the visuo-spatial sketch pad

Answer 19

when a visual and verbal task was carried out it was harder for participants to complete compared to two visual tasks

Question 20

Name a strength of the working memory model

Answer 20

Patients who have come back with brain damage in a specific area lose very specific abilities such as speech or ability to draw. This lets psychologists know which parts of the brain are associated with which functions.

Question 21

what did Loftus and Palmer do?

Answer 21

they showed forty five students traffic accidents. After the film the participants were given a questionnaire. The critical question was “how fast do you think the cars were going”. each questionnaire had a different word describing how the accident happened ranging from contacted to smashed.

Question 22

What was the aim of the experiment that loftus and Palmer did?

Answer 22

The aim was to see how the intensity of the description word would effect the participants guess of speed. (in the car accident)

Question 23

what did loftus and Palmer find in their results

Answer 23

the more violent the description word the higher the estimated speed.

Question 24

what did loftus and Palmer do for experiment 2

Answer 24

they got a new group of students and split them into three groups. this time they were asked if they saw broken glass. the word group one were given the word smashed group two were given the word hit and group three were given the word contacted

Question 25

what was the validity like in loftus’ experiment

Answer 25

low because the participants don’t feel like there choice has a consequence.

Question 26

who are the most accurate eye witnesses, males or females

Answer 26

it is indistinguishable

Question 27

what attribute has the biggest effect on eyewitness testimony

Answer 27

age

Question 28

how does anxiety effect ability to recall information

Answer 28

less information is recalled with two little anxiety but two much also makes it hard to remember events. there is a sweet spot between stressed and calm where people remember the best and generally perform the best.

Question 29

what is the weapon focus effect?

Answer 29

Its where the witness finds it harder to recall a face because they were too concentrated on the weapon

Question 30

the validity so low on yarmey’s test?

Answer 30

he got some participants ranging in age to recall the the features of one woman. he concluded from this that older people cant recall faces as well. it was later proven that one can recall people of their own age easier. if Yarmey had used an older woman he would have concluded that older people can recall better.

Question 31

what are the four main parts of a cognitive interview

Answer 31

report everything, mental reinstatement, changing the order and changing the perspective

Question 32

why does reporting everything improve recall?

Answer 32

even if the information is irreverent it could jog a relevant memory

Question 33

why does mental reinstatement improve recall?

Answer 33

it is using a different route to remember the events. witnesses may have internalized through their visuospatial sketch pad rather than their phonological loop.

Question 34

what is mental reinstatement?

Answer 34

its where you get the participant to go back to the event and recreate the environment.

Question 35

how much more effective is a cognitive interview than a standard interview?

Answer 35

A meta analysis of 53 studies shows that on average cognitive interviews extract thirty three percent more correct information than standard interviewing.

Question 36

what was the validity like for research into the effectiveness of the cognitive interview.

Answer 36

it had low ecological validity because everything was done in a lab and there were no consequences to what the PS remembered. Despite having a lot of ps the study was mainly done on students so the population validity was low. The design of the tests were repeated measures meaning that ps might perform better the second time and ruin the validity. control variable was high because of the tight lab conditions.

Question 37

name two criticisms of the cognitive interview

Answer 37

it takes more time than a standard interview

it requires more skill and training from the interviewer.

Question 38

what is an acronym?

Answer 38

is a word or sentence formed using just the initial letters of other words.

Question 39

what is an acrostic?

Answer 39

is where the first letter in each line or word forms the item to be remembered

Question 40

what mnemonic technique does a mind map come under?

Answer 40

visual imagery mnemonics

Question 41

what category do acronyms and acrostics come under?

Answer 41

verbal mnemonics

Question 42

what is a mnemonic?

Answer 42

A structured technique that is used to help people remember and (most importantly) recall information.

Question 43

Limitations of mnemonic strategies.

Answer 43

in the lab experiments the things being remembered where designed to fit the mnemonic strategy. In real life there are some things don’t work with mnemonics

Question 44

how mnemonics work

Answer 44

organizing your memories helps in the same way organizing folders in real life does. its harder to find a specific folder if all your folders are in one big pile. It would be much easier to find if your folders were categorized. If your memories are organised into sections (possibly using a Mnemonic as a folder) it is much easier to recall a specific memory. A mnemonic can become a folder because the brain works via assosation

Question 45

how was the length of stm discovered?

Answer 45

when prevented from rehearsal Participants could recall 90% of the information after three seconds and two percent after 18 seconds this shows that stm lasts about 20 seconds

Question 46

who challenged the petersons experiment testing the duration of short term memory?

Answer 46

nairne