Cognition, Moral, Spiritual

Question 1

in this cognitive stage development, the adolescent (12+) can reason abstractly and thinks in hypothetical terms.

Answer 1

formal operational

Question 2

the child (2-6y/o) uses symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. the child also has the ability to pretend, and is egocentric.

Answer 2

pre-operational/ preoperational

Question 3

the infant (0-2y/o) explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage.

Answer 3

sensorimotor

Question 4

enumerate the cognitive development stages by jean piaget

Answer 4

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 5

the child (6-12y/o) can think logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract. the child understands conversation.

Answer 5

concrete operational

Question 6

enumerate kohlberg’s three stages of development of moral reasoning.

Answer 6

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Question 7

in this stage (2nd level), the child is concerned with the actions of a good citizen.

Answer 7

law and order (4th stage)

Question 8

what do you call the stage wherein a child is more centered on the self?

Answer 8

obedience and avoidance of punishment (1st stage)

Question 9

what stage is a person concerned with having good image?

Answer 9

interpersonal relationship (3rd stage)

Question 10

in this stage, rules are social agreement but natural moral law transcends rules.

Answer 10

rights and social contract (5th stage)

Question 11

a person is concerned with all and upholding transcendent principles

Answer 11

Universal ethical principles (6th stage)

Question 12

a person begins to consider the needs of others and learns how to negotiate

Answer 12

instrumental exchange stage (2nd stage)

Question 13

in the stages of interior life of the soul, how is being “illuminative” characterized?

Answer 13

• growing in charity and virtues

- progressing towards God

Question 14

one of the characteristics of being “unitive” is remaining holiness and charity. what is the other one?

Answer 14

being united with God

Question 15

name the two virtues of the “purgative” stage

Answer 15

• guarding charity, avoiding sin

- cleansing of the soul

Question 16

in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through senses and actions. what are its characteristics?

Answer 16

• object permanence
• goal-directed actions
• reverse actions (but not thinking)

Question 17

certain of the logical stability of the physical world; exhibit basic aspects of reasoning: identity, compensation, reversibility, classification, seriation; able to do operations or actions that are carried out and reversed mentally (e.g. mathematical transformation)

give the stage that the characteristics above describe, along with its definition.

Answer 17

concrete operational - thinking logically about concrete events and grasping concrete analogies

Question 18

enumerate the characteristics that define formal operational, or the stage where thinking about hypothetical scenarios and processing abstract thoughts are practiced.

Answer 18

• hypothetico-deductive reasoning
• abstract thinking and reasoning
• adolescent egocentrism (imaginary audience)
• potential for mature moral reasoning

Question 19

in pre-operational stage, a child is now able to represent things with words and images. what are its characteristics?

Answer 19

• semiotic function
• language formation
• pretend play
• egocentric
• reversible thinking

Question 20

it is the ability to hypothesize about a problem and identify various factors or variables that could be changed or manipulated to solve the problem. it also includes the capacity to estimate possible outcomes supposing the variables or factors are manipulated one at a time.

Answer 20

hypothetico-deductive reasoning or proportional thinking

Question 21

what term refers to the struggle teens are facing where they are more concerned with people, struggle with changes in their appearance, identity and life experiences, which could lead to self-consciousness and feeling as though everyone is watching/judging their every movement?

Answer 21

imaginary audience

Question 22

when a teen tends to use newly improved cognitive capacities to compare themselves with their peers and feel exceptionally unique and different, it is called ____. they also believe that they are different from everyone and that they have unique abilities and problems.

Answer 22

personal fable

Question 23

in kohlberg’s stages of moral development, this stage focuses on the self and involves children of age 0 to 10-13 years of age whose behavior is motivated by anticipation of pleasurer or pain.

Answer 23

preconventional stage

Question 24

In Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment) of Preconventional Stage, what questions are formed?

Answer 24

• what must i do to avoid punishment?

- what can i do to force my will upon others?

Question 25

What are the questions formed in Stage 2 or Instrumental Exchange?

Answer 25

• What’s in it for me?

- what must i do to avoid pain, gain pleasure?

Question 26

If Level 2 or Conventional Morality begins in middle school and ends in middle age where children are more concerned with the acceptance of the rules and standards of one’s group, what is its focus?

Answer 26

• significant others, “tyranny of the they” (they say…)

Question 27

In this stage, the question is mainly “what must I do to be seen as a good boy/girl?”

Answer 27

• stage 3: interpersonal relationship

Question 28

in stage 4 or law and order, the question is “what if everyone did that?” what is the characteristic?

Answer 28

the good citizen

Question 29

what do you call the stage where children question why they should believe anything?

Answer 29

stage 4 1/2: the cynic

Question 30

a few people reach this age, most not prior to middle age. what are the focal points of postconventional or principled morality?

Answer 30

justice, dignity for all life, common good

Question 31

the concerns in this stage are: “what is the just thing to do given all the circumstances?” and “what will bring the most good to the largest number of people?”

Answer 31

stage 5: prior rights and social contract

Question 32

what questions are formed in the last stage, universal ethical principles?

Answer 32

what will foster life in its fullest for all living beings?

what is justice for all?

Question 33

enumerate the general observations of kohlberg.

Answer 33

• stage development is sequential
• in stage development, persons cannot comprehend moral reasoning at a stage more than one stage beyond their own
• individuals are cognitively attracted to reasoning one level above their own present predominant level