Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards
Which EEG waves and features are present when you’re awake
Beta and alpha waves
Able to perceive, process, access, and express information
Which EEG waves and features are present during stage 1
Theta waves
Light sleep
Which EEG waves and features are present during stage 2
Theta waves
Sleep spindles and K complexes
Which EEG waves and features are present during stage 3/4
Delta waves
Slow wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory, consolidation, some sleep disorders
Which EEG waves and features are present during REM
Mostly beta
Appears aware physiologically, teams, paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders
What are dyssomnias and what are some examples
Sleep disorders affecting the amount or timing or sleep
Examples: Insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation
What are parasomnias and what are some examples
Sleep disorders concerning odd behaviors during sleep
Examples: night terrors and sleep walking (somnambulism)
What is drug addiction mediated by
The mesolimbic pathway
What is part of the mesolimbic pathway
Nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area
Examples and function of depressants
Sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
Examples: Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines
Examples and function of stimulants
Increased arousal
Examples: amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy
Examples and function of opiates/opiods
Decreased reaction to pain; euphoria
Examples: heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills
Examples and function of hallucinogens
Distortions of reality and fantasy; introspection
Examples: LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms
What is procedural memory
Skils, tasks
What is declarative memory
Facts, events
What is episodic memory
Events, experiences
What is semantic memory
Facts, concepts
What is explicit memory
Conscious memory
What is implicit memory
Unconscious memory
What is encoding
The process of putting new information into memory
How do we retrieve information
Based on priming interconnected notes of the semantic netowrk
What is stronger, recognition of information or recall of information
Recognition
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor stage
- Preoperational stage
- Concrete operational stage
- Formal operational stage
What are the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage
Focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanence ends this stage
What are the characteristics of the preoperational stage
Focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism (inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels), and contraption (focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon)
What are the characteristics of the concrete operational stage
Focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects
What are the characteristics of the formal operational stage
Focuses on abstract thought and problem solving
What are examples of problem solving techniques
Trial and error, algorithms, deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning
What are heuristics
Simplified principles used to make decisions, “rules of thumb”
What is selective attention
Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background
What is divided attention
Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
What is Wernicke’s area
Language comprehension; damage results in Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension)
What is Broca’s area
Motor function of speech; damage results in Broca’s aphasia (confluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort
What is arcuate fasciculus
Connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas. Damage results in conduction aphasia (inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension)
