Cognition

Question 1

Cognitive domains and which lobes are responsible (5)

Answer 1

memory (temporal/frontal), executive function (frontal), attention (frontal/parietal), visuospacial (parietal), language (frontal/temporal)

Question 2

4 main regions of parietal lobe

Answer 2

post central gyrus, superior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus

Question 3

Parietal lobe receives input from

Answer 3

prefrontal cortex, premotor/motor cortex, vestibular regions, sensory regions

Question 4

parietal lobe functions

Answer 4

-processes/integrates somatosensory/visual info (especially wrt movement)

Question 5

Gerstmann’s syndrome

Answer 5

left parietal lobe damage (lesion in angular and supramarginal gyri
-can’t write, math, name fingers

Question 6

right parietal lobe damage

Answer 6

• neglect of contrlateral side of body/space; denial of defect
• can’t recognize faces

Question 7

Temporal lobe

location, inputs, included structures

Answer 7

• below Sylvian fissure and anterior to occipital cortex
• input from sensory, parietal/frontal lobes, ventral visual stream, limbic, BG
• includes auditory, gustatory, amygdala, limbic, hippocampus

Question 8

Temporal lobe functions

Answer 8

• primary auditory cortex (auditory processing)
• Wernicke’s area (language comprehension)
• hippocampus/amygdala (learning/memory)

Question 9

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Answer 9

• lesion in superior temporal gyrus
• speech comprehension impaired
• word salad

Question 10

4 types/durations of memory

Answer 10

sensory, working, short term, long term

Question 11

stages in formation/retrieval of memories

Answer 11

encoding (processing/combining new info)
storage (creating permanent record)
recall (calling back or recognition)

Question 12

Hippocampus main function

Answer 12

• consolodates memories
• ‘librarian of memories’
• critical for explicit memory

Question 13

Hippocampus

location

Answer 13

• curved sheet of cortex in medial temporal

- from amygdala to splenium of corpus collosum

Question 14

3 subdivisions of hippocampus

Answer 14

dentate gyrus, subiculum, cornu ammonis (CA) subfields

Question 15

Entorhinal Cortex (EC)

Answer 15

• main input to hippocampus and target of hippocampal output

- inputs from many other structures

Question 16

Amygdala

location, inputs, outputs, functions

Answer 16

• at anterior end of hippocampus
• input from somatosensory, visual, auditory, visceral (esp. olfactory)
• efferent to cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
• emotional, visual, olfactory memory formation

Question 17

Frontal lobe location/regions

Answer 17

• 20% of neocortex
• all cortical tissue anterior to central sulcus
• motor, premotor, prefrontal regions

Question 18

primary motor cortex

Answer 18

controls contralateral side of body
motor homunculus
voluntary skilled movements

Question 19

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 19

• lesion in broca’s area (LHS)

- inability to speak fluently

Question 20

prefrontal cortex function

Answer 20

-planning/organizing, selective attention, problem solving, initiating, self monitoring, abstract thinking

Question 21

occipital lobe

location, function

Answer 21

• posterior pole of cerebral hemisphere
• parieto-occipital sulcus separates from these lobes
• visual processing center
• Brodmann area 17, V1 primary visual cortex

Question 22

Akinetopsia

Answer 22

inability to perceive motion

occipital lobe dysfunction

Question 23

Occipital lobe dysfunctions (2)

Answer 23

• Visual agnosia (inability to recognize an object)

- prosopagnosia (inability to recognize a face)

Question 24

Two areas of language

Answer 24

Brocas: production

Wernicke’s: comprehension

Question 25

Wernke-geshwind model (neural basis of language)

Answer 25

• comprehension (primary auditory cortex/Heschl’s gyrus) to wernicke’s area
• Production: broca’s area to facial area of motor cortex
• Reading: visual areas 17-19 to angular gyrus (Wernicke’s area), reading out loud to broca’s

Question 26

Wada test

Answer 26

anesthetic injected into half of brain to test which side language ability is on