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Anatomy 4 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

4 main basal nuclei and location (telencephalon/diencephalon/midbrain)

A
  • Striatum (telencephalon)
  • globus pallidus (telencephalon)
  • subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon)
  • substantia nigra (midbrain)
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2
Q

Striatum subdivisions

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum)
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3
Q

Globus pallidus subdivisions

A

GP

external segment: GPe
internal segment: GPi

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4
Q

Substantia Nigra subdivisions

A

SN

compact part: SNc
Reticular part: SNr

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5
Q

what makes up the lenticular (lentiform) nucleus?

A

Globus pallidus (internal and external segments) and putamen of the striatum.

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6
Q

Substantia nigra functions

A
  • SNc: location of dopaminergic neurons (dorsal part)

- SNr: functions with GPi as output from basal ganglia

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7
Q

Extrapyramidal system

A

nuclei and pathways of BG (outside pyramidal tracts)

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8
Q

Lesion in basal ganglia will/won’t cause:

general

A
  • won’t cause paralysis

- will disrupt movement (slow/absence of spontaneous movement or inability to inhibit unwanted movements)

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9
Q

Hypokinetic BG disorder

example, cause, symptoms

A
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • loss of dopaminergic neurons in SNc
  • with akinesia/bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, postural instability
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10
Q

Hyperkinetic BG disorder

example, causes, symptoms

A
  • can cause athetosis, chorea, ballism
  • Huntington’s disease
  • degeneration of projection neurons and local circuit neurons in caudate and putamen (mostly from indirect pathway)
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11
Q

athetosis

A

slow, writhing movements

hyperkinetic disorder

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12
Q

chorea

A

rapid, abrupt, random movements of limbs and face

hyperkinetic disorder

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13
Q

Caudate

cortical projection input, role

A

widespread input; cortical association areas and has role in cognitive functions

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14
Q

putamen

cortical projection input, role

A

input from motor and somatosensory cortices; role in motor output

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15
Q

nuclear accumbens

cortical projection input, role

A

receives inputs from limbic cortex, hippocampus and amygdala; role in emotional and behavioral functions

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16
Q

Name the 5 loops through basal ganglia

and basic pathway

A
  • motor
  • dorsolateral prefrontal
  • orbitofrontal
  • limbic
  • oculomotor

cortex -> BG -> thalamus -> cortex

17
Q

Motor loop

pathway/function

A

motor/somatosensory cortex -> putamen -> thalamus -> somatosensory/motor areas

Role in motor output

18
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal loop

pathway/function

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex -> caudate -> thalamus -> dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

role in cognitive functions

19
Q

orbitofrontal loop

pathway/function

A

orbitofrontal cortex -> ventral caudate and nuclear accumbens -> thalamus -> orbitofrontal cortex

role in planning and initiating socially appropriate actions (OCD?)

20
Q

limbic loop

pathway/function

A

limbic areas (like anterior cingulate) -> nucleus accumbens -> thalamas -> limbic areas

role in emotional and behavioral functions

21
Q

oculomotor loop

pathway/functions

A

frontal and supplementary eye fields -> caudate -> thalamus -> eye fields

role in control of orientation and gaze

22
Q

Projections to striatum (2)

Origin and NT

A
  • cortical to striatum: glutamate

- SNc to striatum: dopamine

23
Q

Function of direct vs. indirect pathway

A

Direct: facilitates motor/cognitive programs
Indirect: inhibits execution of competing motor programs

24
Q

Projection neurons from striatum (two populations)

A
  • D1 receptors excited by dopamine, project to GPi, direct pathway
  • D2 receptors inhibited by dopamine, project to GPe, indirect pathway
25
Q

Effect of glutamate and dopamine on Direct Pathway

A

INCREASED PATHWAY ACTIVITY (agonist)

  • glutamate from cerebral cortex and dopamine from SNc
  • D1 excited
  • increased activity of GABA neurons to GPi/SNr
  • decreased activity of pallidothalamic GABA fibers to thalamus
  • disinhibition of glutamate neurons to motor cortex
  • increased output from motor cortex
26
Q

Effect of glutamate and dopamine on Indirect Pathway

A

DECREASED PATHWAY ACTIVITY (agonist)

  • glutamate from cerebral cortex and dopamine from SNc
  • D2 inhibited
  • decreased activity of GABA neurons to GPe
  • disinhibition of GABA neurons to subthalamic nucleus
  • decreased activity of glutamate neurons to GPi/SNr
  • decreased activity of GABA neurons to thalamus
  • increased activity of glutamate neurons to motor cortex
  • increased output from motor cortex
27
Q

Effect of glutamate (NO dopamine) on Indirect Pathway

A

INCREASED PATHWAY ACTIVITY (antagonist)

  • Glutamate from cerebral cortex
  • D2 excited
  • increased activity of GABA neurons to GPe
  • Inhibition of GABA neurons to subthalamic nucleus
  • disinhibition of glutamate neurons to GPi/SNr
  • increased activity of GABA neurons to thalamus
  • decreased acitivity of glutamate neurons to motor cortex
  • decreased motor cortex output

Anatomy 4 (8 decks)

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