Cognition

Question 1

Metacognition

Answer 1

Thinking about the thought process itself (example: doublechecking, problem solving, rehearsal)

Question 2

Automatic and Controlled Processes (ACP)

Answer 2

Theory that states that all cognitive processes fall into one or both of those two categories

Question 3

Availability Heuristic

Answer 3

The easier it is to think of instances of something, the more often that seems to occur (boomers and crime on TV)

Question 4

Anchoring Heuristic

Answer 4

When someone’s judgements are influenced by a reference point that can often be completely irrelevant (asking someone to guess from a range that goes way higher than reality, but they end up guessing high anyway)

Question 5

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 5

Relates to how we judge someone/something based on how it appears (saying someone on UMD’s campus who is wearing a Nebraska shirt is from Nebraska, even though it is more likely that they are from Maryland due to being at UMD)

Question 6

Confirmation bias

Answer 6

Explains how our desire to be correct leads us to look for and remember information that confirms what we already believe

Question 7

Comparative cognition

Answer 7

The scientific study of thought and intelligence in non-human species

Question 8

Clever Hans

Answer 8

Horse who showed how unconscious cueing is a problem for animal science researchers

Question 9

G Factor

Answer 9

Charles Spearman’s concept of a general intelligence, some core level of basic intelligence that underlies all other specific abilities

Question 10

Emotional Intelligence

Answer 10

The ability to recognize your emotions, understand what they’re telling you, and realize how your emotions affect people around you

Question 11

5 Parts of Emotional Intelligence

Answer 11

Self-Awareness
Self-Regulation
Motivation
Empathy
Social Skills

Question 12

3 Levels of Memory

Answer 12

sensory (long enough for the brain to process information), short term, and long term

Question 13

3 Stages of Memory

Answer 13

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Question 14

Encoding

Answer 14

The initial learning of information

Question 15

Storage

Answer 15

Maintaining information over time

Question 16

Retrieval

Answer 16

The ability to access information when you need it

Question 17

Miller’s Magic Number

Answer 17

George Miller proposed as a law of human cognition and information processing that humans can effectively process no more than seven units, or chunks, of information, plus or minus two, at any given time

Question 17

Two types of memory errors

Answer 17

Forgetting and misremembering

Question 18

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 18

Method of learning things by repeating them over and over, which helps with encoding the information

Question 19

Schemas

Answer 19

Groups of information that are linked together because they are somehow related

Question 20

Prime

Answer 20

A stimulus that activates a related concept, usually subconscious (perfume smell making you think of a person)

Question 21

State-Dependent Memory

Answer 21

Says if you experience an event in one physiological state (e.g., drunk), your memory for the event is likely to be impaired if you later try to remember it in another physiological state (e.g., sober)

Question 22

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 22

Proposes that memory performance depends on the similarity between the information comprising a memory trace and the information available at recall

Question 23

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 23

The inability to remember things prior to the onset of memory loss (head trauma)

Question 24

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 24

An inability to form new memories, even though memories from the past remain intact (Alzheimer’s)

Question 25

Amnesia

Answer 25

Overall loss of memory

Question 26

Mnemonic

Answer 26

A device that helps you remember something

Question 27

Types of mnemonics

Answer 27

Acronym
Acrostic (Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle)
Loci method (Imagine placing the items you want to remember in specific locations in a room with which you are familiar)
Image-name technique (Invent a relationship between the name and the physical characteristics of the person)
Chaining (Story where each word or idea you have to remember will cue the next idea you need to recall)
Etc

Question 28

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 28

Involves forming associations with other meaningful thing, where the more associations you form when you encode the information, the more likely you are to encode, store, and retrieve the information later