Behaviorism

Question 1

Operant conditioning

Answer 1

Explains how consequences lead to change in voluntary behavior through reinforcement and punishment

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Involves associating an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus to turn it into a conditioned stimulus

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

Some environmental event that we hear, see, feel, smell or taste

Question 4

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 4

Stimulus with no naturally wired response (ringing the bell at the start)

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

Stimulus that leads to an automatic response (the meat)

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

Stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response (ringing the bell after a while)

Question 7

Response

Answer 7

Something that we do after detecting a stimulus

Question 8

Unconditioned Response

Answer 8

Caused by the stimulus naturally (dog salivating at the meat)

Question 9

Conditioned Response

Answer 9

Learned over time (dog salivating at the bell)

Question 10

Forward Long-Delay Training

Answer 10

Bell than meat after a sizable wait

Question 11

Forward Short-Delay Training

Answer 11

Bell then meat, easiest to learn with

Question 12

Simultaneous Training

Answer 12

Bell and meat

Question 13

Backwards Training

Answer 13

Meat then bell

Question 14

Habituation

Answer 14

Occurs when there is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations; getting used to something

Question 15

Flooding

Answer 15

When we try to use habituation to weaken an undesired response

Question 16

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 16

Occurs when we start out with an easy stimulus and slowly work our way up to the real one

Question 17

Counter-conditioning

Answer 17

The goal is to replace the undesired response by replacing the association (paying someone $100 every time they saw a spider)

Question 18

Aversion Therapy

Answer 18

When we try to counter-condition away a positive response with an aversive stimulus

Question 19

Taste Aversion

Answer 19

Learning to avoid a food that makes you sick–is intriguing to scientists because it has an immediate strong association that resists aversion, can take hold even after a long time between stimulus and response, and is a very selective association (don’t care about other environmental stimuli)

Question 20

Garcia Effect

Answer 20

The tendency to blame food for illness, even if the food had nothing to do with the illness

Question 21

Law of Effect

Answer 21

A behavior is more likely to occur if it leads to a desirable effect - thus, even very complicated behavior can be explained in terms of “trial and error” learning rather than intelligent insight

Question 22

Reinforcers

Answer 22

Stimuli animals want to receive

Question 23

Punishers

Answer 23

Stimuli animals want to avoid

Question 24

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 24

Things that are naturally desirable (food, warmth, sexual pleasure)

Question 25

Primary Punishers

Answer 25

Things that are naturally aversive (bright lights, loud noises)

Question 26

Secondary Reinforcers

Answer 26

Things we’ve learned to want because they are associated with positive things (dollar bills, audience applause)

Question 27

Secondary Punishers

Answer 27

Things we’ve learned to want because they are associated with negative things (audience booing, someone shaking their head)

Question 28

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 28

Presenting a desired stimulus after a desired behavior has occurred with the goal of increasing that behavior (parent gives you more screen time for cleaning your room)

Question 29

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 29

Removing an aversive stimulus after a desired behavior has occurred (parent nags until you clean your room)

Question 30

Positive Punishment

Answer 30

Presenting an aversive stimulus after an undesired behavior has occurred with the goal of decreasing that behavior (parent makes you eat more vegetables for not cleaning your room)

Question 31

Negative Punishment

Answer 31

Removing a desired stimulus after an undesired behavior has occurred (parent takes your phone for not cleaning your room)

Question 32

Continuous Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 32

You are reinforced or punished every single time the behavior occurs (Dog gets a treat when it sits down, you burn your finger touching a stove) - Behaviors enforced this way are most likely to go away without reinforcement

Question 33

Partial Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 33

Reinforcements or punishments occur only part of the time

Question 34

Fixed ratio (partial reinforcement)

Answer 34

Schedule of reinforcement (Getting paid for a set number of items you produce/sell) - Produce high rates of responding that decline immediately after the reinforcer is received (Post-reinforcement pause)

Question 35

Fixed interval (partial reinforcement)

Answer 35

Wait a specified period of time after completing the correct response before reinforcement (An employee receives a paycheck every two weeks for their job) - Produce overall response rates that are low and increase as time for reinforcement gets closer (scalloped response)

Question 36

Variable ratio (partial reinforcement)

Answer 36

A response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses (Slot machine) - Produce high and steady rates of responding

Question 37

Variable interval (partial reinforcement)

Answer 37

Waiting an unpredictable amount of time (Waiting for an elevator) - Produce steady rates of responding (Hitting the button over and over when you’re in a rush)

Question 38

Extinction

Answer 38

The process of unlearning a behavior when reinforcement is no longer associated with it (Dog stops scratching at the door when you stop getting up to let it out)

Question 39

Extinction Burst

Answer 39

Sudden increase in the behavior (Dog starts scratching the shit out of the door cause it worked before which means it’ll work if it keeps trying) - We are especially likely to see this if the behavior was previously reinforced on a variable schedule and if reinforcement is suddenly removed

Question 40

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 40

At some point after a behavior has gone through extinction and stopped, it may suddenly reappear for a bit and then go away again - Can be explained as intelligent animals wanting to see if the “problem” was only temporary

Question 41

Method of facilitating extinction

Answer 41

Replace the behavior with something else that we want the animal to do (Rewarding the dog for sitting calmly)

Question 42

Learned Helplessness

Answer 42

Occurs when an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so