Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is a swash and what causes it?

A

wave going in and is caused by wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a backwash and what causes it?

A

wave going out and is caused by gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the characteristics of a destructive wave?

A

Erodes the coastline and takes material away.
The backwash is more powerful than the swash.
Tall wave.
Frequent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of a constructive wave?

A

Deposits material and builds coastal features.
The swash is more powerful than the backwash.
Small wave.
Less frequent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Longshore drift

A

Longshore drift is the sideways movement of beach material.
THE SWASH comes in at an angle due to the prevailing wind.
THE BACKWASH goes back at a right angle due to gravity.
This process is repeated many times and gradually the beach moves down drift.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The growth of cities and people that live there compared to the people living in the countryside.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Agriculture

A

farming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Industry

A

factories-manufacturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Dynamic

A

changing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are urban areas built on the coast

A

for fishing or trading purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the effect of houses lost due to costal recession on people?

A

If someone looses their house because it falls into the sea it will have a major financial and daily impact on their life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the effect of loosing farmland due to costal recession on people?

A

Farmland on the coast could fall off which could mean that the farms will loose money as they cant grow any crops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the effect of transport network disruption due to costal recession on people?

A

f the transport network is damaged it could potentially make it difficult for people to get to work and school, so they can make money for their families.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of lost habitats due to costal recession on the environment?

A

If animal habitats are washed away it would mean that the animals would have no place to live and would potentially die.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is Happisburgh located?

A

North Norfolk coast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why does Happisburgh have one of the fastest eroding coastlines in the UK?

A

coastline made of clay and sand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How did the revetments at Happisburgh help the costal recession?

A

coastal retreat was reduced to 50cm a year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What was the issue with the revetments at Happisburgh?

A

the revetments needed constant repairs which was very expensive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happened to the houses on Beach Road in Happisburgh due to costal recession

A

Houses on Beach Road once cost £80,000 are now worth £1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does costal flooding occur?

A

This is when the sea is blown in over the land and floods it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the effect of costal flooding on people?

A 
Damage to peoples houses
Loss of life from drowning
Contamination of fresh water supplies
Bridges and roads can be washed away
Disruption to as and electricity supplies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What defence technique is used to prevent costal flooding on land?

A

managed retreat

This is when land is given to the sea to protect land further inland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a Discordant Coastline?

A

Bands of resistant and less resistant rocks
Runs at right angles to the coastline.
If there is hard (more resistant) and soft (less resistant) the soft rock will erode quickly and form bays with the hard rock forming headlands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a Concordant coastline

A

Bands of resistant and less resistant rocks
Runs parallel to the coast
Alternate layers of hard and soft rock.
Will act as a barrier to the erosive power of the sea.
If the sea erodes through the hard rock it will quickly erode through the soft one behind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is traction?

A

When large sediments, like pebbles roll along the sea bed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Saltation?

A

Small pieces of shingle or smaller pieces of rock are bounced along the sea bed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Suspension?

A

Small particles like sand and grain are carried in water, especially during storms or when the sea has a lot of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Solution?

A

Some minerals dissolve in sea water and are carried in solution. This is particularly happens near to limestone or chalk cliffs where the sea can appear to be a milky colour due to the amount of sediment being carried in solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Abrasion?

A

Sand and pebbles are carried with the wave and are thrown against the cliff face with considerable force; these particles break off more rocks which are thrown against the cliff by the breaking waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Hydraulic Action?

A

This is the pleasure of the water being thrown against the cliffs by the wave.
It also includes the compression of air in cracks:
As the water gets into the cracks in the rock face.
It compresses the air in the cracks.
This puts even more pressure on the cracks and pieces of the rock may break off.

31
Q

What is Attrition

A

This process involves the wearing away of rocks that are in the sea. As the boulders in the sea continually roll around, they chip away at each other until smooth pebbles or sand are formed.
This causes the rocks to become smaller and rounder.

32
Q

What is Solution

A

This is a chemical reaction between certain rock types and the salt other acids in sea water. This is particularly evident on limestone and chalk cliffs where the water is a milky blue are the bottom of the cliffs due to the dissolved lime.

33
Q

How is a cave, a stack and a stump formed?

A

At a weak point in the headland, hydraulic action and abrasion erode and make the fault bigger.
• Over time the fault develops into a cave.
• The Cave develops and erodes through the headland forming an arch
• The arch gets wider and eventually collapses due to gravity
• This leaves a stack
• The stack is eroded, a Wave Cut Notch can be seen around the base
• The stack falls and a stump is left. The stump can been seen at low tide.

34
Q

What is effect on costal flooding on people?

A 
Property lost
Houses flooded
Loss of lives
Contamination of fresh water supplies
Bridges and roads washed away
Disruption to gas and electricity supplies
35
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

When land is given to the sea to protect the land further inland.

36
Q

What causes mass movement?

A

gravity

37
Q

What happens during mass movement?

A

Common on clay cliffs

When it rains, the water runs into the cracks and is absorbed until the clay is saturated.

Then rock becomes weaker and due to the force of gravity the rock slips down the hill.

38
Q

What is the effect on people if the transport network is damaged?

A

it could potentially make it difficult for people to get to work and school, so they can make money for their families.

39
Q

How many houses have been lost in Happisburgh so far?

A

25 and the lifeboat station

40
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

Expensive-involves lots of men and machines.
Effective-it works well.
Ugly-spoils the natural look of the coastline

41
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

Cheaper.
Works less well and may need revisited.
Looks natural-doss not spoil look of the coastline.

42
Q

Describe a sea wall

A

A sea wall stops the coastline receding by preventing the natural processes that happen to the coastline The visual impact of the structures can be very large structures which have a major impact of the coastal landscape.

43
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a sea wall?

A

Good Points
It reflects and absorbs wave energy
Effective for many years
Very visible- makes residents feel safe

Negative Points
Very expensive-cost £6,000 per linear metre.
Ugly- put tourists off
Can cause wave scouring if not positioned correctly.

44
Q

Describe groynes

A

Groynes prevent longshore drift and keeps the beach in place as the sand builds up on one side of the groyne. They disrupt the natural processes that work on the beach but have a visual impact.

45
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of groynes?

A

Good Points
Effective for many years
Keeps beach for tourism

Negative Points
Unattractive
Expensive- cost £400 per metre for 1 meter high wooden groyne.
Difficult to walk along the beach
Disrupts the natural processes at work on the beach

46
Q

Describe a rip rap

A

Rip raps are made of big rocks, usually made of granite because it is cheap and strong. They dissipate wave energy as the waves crash into the rocks. It introduces forge in rock types to an area.

47
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of rip raps?

A

Good Points
Effective for many years
Can be cheap depending on what rock type used.
Dissipates wave energy

Negative Points
Not effective in storm conditions
Can make the beach inaccessible for tourists
Unattractive
Visually intrusive if placed on a sandy beach.

48
Q

Describe beach nourishment

A

Building up of sand and pebbles on a beach so that the beach dissipates wave energy so it doesn’t hit houses or soft rock. This is the best form of natural defence.

49
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A 
Good Points
Cheap-£6,500 per 100 meters
Good use of sand dredges from harbours and ports.
Provides beach for tourists
Looks natural

Negative Points
Distributes home owners-late noisy lorries regularly visit the area to replenish the beach
Requires constant maintenance as it is washed away quickly.
May affect plant and animal like in the area.

50
Q

Describe offshore reefs

A

Offshore Reefs are made of enormous concrete blocks, natural boulders or even tyres, that are sunk offshore to alter wave direction and dissipate wave energy.

51
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs?

A

Good Points
The waves break further offshore, which reduces their erosive power.
They allow the build up or sand sue to the reduction in wave energy.

Negative Points
Expensive-cost £1,950 per meter
Difficult to install the reefs
May be removed by heavy storms
Visual impact-they change the way that the costal landscape looks.
They interfere with natural processes such as longshore drift.

52
Q

What is a discordant coastline?

A

where there are bands hard and soft rock run along/parallel to the beach

53
Q

What coastal feature comes from a discordant coastline?

A

A cove

54
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A

where there is bands of hard and soft rock that run at right angles to the coastline

55
Q

What coastal features comes from a concordant coastline?

A

Headlands and Bays

56
Q

Why are headlands and bays created?

A

The hard and soft rock erode at different rates

57
Q

What process erodes the coastline?

A

Hydraulic action, abrasion, erosion

58
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Freeze thaw

59
Q

Describe freeze thaw

A

Water gets into crack in a rock
The water freezes and expands (7%)
This widens the crack
The water then melts and goes further into the crack
This process is then repeated many times until the rock is broken up.

60
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

acid rain

61
Q

Describe acid rain

A

Rain water contains weak acid caused by pollution
When it rains the acids dissolves the carbonates in limestone.
Rock starts to break up and disintegrate.

62
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Burrowing animals and plant roots

63
Q

Describe how burrowing burrowing animals impact the landscape

A

Burrowing animals can break the rocks as well when they make their tunnels through the upper layers of the soil.

64
Q

Describe how plant roots impact the landscape

A

Seeds fall from trees and plants into cracks in rocks.
When it rains, water gets into the cracks as well and the plant starts to grow.
The roots move further into the rock as the plant grows and breaks the rock open.

65
Q

How are beaches made?

A

Made by constructive waves
Also made by longshore drift
Made due to deposition

66
Q

How do groynes help to control the beaches?

A

Groynes are often built on beaches because to keep the beach which acts as a barrier, reducing coastal erosion. The beach may also be a tourist attraction.

67
Q

How are spits made?

A

Spits are made by longshore drift.

68
Q

What is a bar?

A

A bar is a spit which joins 2 headlands
It will only form when there is NO river flowing into the bay
A bar is formed by LSD
A lagoon is formed behind the bar

69
Q

What directions do spits point towards?

A

The spit points in the direction of prevailing wind.

70
Q

What process is a cliff eroded by?

A

hydraulic action and abrasion

71
Q

Describe a wave cut platform

A

Cliffs are eroded by hydraulic action and abrasion
The cliffs are undercut creating a wave cut notch
The Wave Cut Notch is exposed at low tide and covered at high tide
The overhanging cliff eventually falls due to gravity

Cliff retreat creates a wave-cut platform which is exposed at low tide
As the Wave Cut Platform increased in size the power of the wave decreases due to friction as they travel to reach the cliff

72
Q

What happened in Dawlish?

A

160 passengers were stranded for 4 hours when the train line was effected by sea water on the tracks.

The train line is protected by sea wall but needs constant repairing costing about £400,000 a year.

In February 2014, 80m of the sea wall collapsed and the railway had to land under it. It also damaged houses behind the sea wall.

The line was closed for 2 months so commuters had to travel by bus.

73
Q

Why did Dawlish have such an impact of people?

A

Dawlish railway was Main railway into the South West.

It meant people had to find other ways to get to work and school

Geography (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions