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Geography > Coasts 2 > Flashcards

Coasts 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a coastal ecosystem

A

provides a wide range of services

CSPR

  • —> Cultural
  • —> Supporting
  • —> Provisioning
  • —>Regulating
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2
Q

What is provisioning service

A

Fish / seafood

  • —> main dietary protein
  • —> Greenland earns 72% of income from fish products

Water

  • —> Provide sheltered harbors
  • —> wave energy to electrical energy
  • —> supply 10% world energy needs

Building & ornamental materials

  • —> Mangroves & coral reefs
  • —> Mangrove wood: build boats, build houses/shelters, charcoal
  • —> Corals: Cement, ornaments, souvenirs
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3
Q

What is regulating service

A

Shoreline stabilization

  • —> Coral reefs & mangroves cause waves to break and lose energy
  • —> reduces shoreline erosion

Flood prevention

  • —> wide, sandy beach: disperse water
  • —> sand dunes: barriers
  • —> wetlands(mangroves/lagoons): contain water

Storm and natural hazard protection
—-> Mangroves: absorb wave energy

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4
Q

supporting service

A

Mangrove habitat

  • —> Provide food
  • —> Area btw roots, mud and water: breeding ground for fish, shellfish and waterbirds
  • —> Dense network of roots, leaves and mud: offer protection from predators

Beach habitat

  • —> fishes
  • —> birds
  • —> turtles
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5
Q

Uses of coastal areas ( LORMS )

A
  • —> fishes & aquaculture
  • —> housing & transportation
  • —> tourism & recreation
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6
Q

Fishes & aquaculture

A

EXPLANATION

  • —> fisheries: fish are bred & raised
  • —> aquaculture: farming fish in cages/ponds close to the coast
  • —> high demand for fish

EXAMPLE

  • —> Ca Mau, Vietnam
  • —> nation’s shrimp production
  • —> cleared mangroves to create shrimp farms
  • —> US $800 million in 2010
  • —> China, India. Vietnam, Indonesia
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7
Q

Housing & transportation

A

EXPLANATION

  • —> Stilt houses: live on coasts
  • —> Transport: boats
  • —> coasts used for everyday activities
  • —> daily tides remove household wastes

EXAMPLE

  • —> Kukup, Malaysia
  • —> Air Masin is a village
  • —> 180 stilt houses
  • —> floating fish farms
  • —> sell fresh fish + marine products
  • —> Transport: Boats for fishing, ferry services for tourists
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8
Q

Tourism & recreation

A

EXPLANATION

  • —> Tourism: movement of ppl for leisure purposes
  • —> Recreation: activities done for enjoyment when one is not working

EXAMPLE

  • —> Sentosa, Singapore
  • —> many developments + attractions
  • —> ONE 15 marina club: recreational boat facilities
  • —> Resorts World Sentosa: Hotels and museums
  • —> 19 million visitors in 2011
  • —> 600% increase from 2003
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9
Q

What are coral reefs?

A

CORALS
—-> structures that develop at/slightly below sea level on the seabed

POLYPS

  • —> reefs contains polyps
  • —> Polyps: tiny coral animals
  • —> polyps secrete CaCO3 as protection
  • —> when they die, leave empty outer limestone skeletons
  • —> subsequent generation of polyps built on it

POLYPS & ALGAE RS

  • —> Polyps: nutrients and CO2 for algae
  • —> Algae: sugars and O2 for polyps
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10
Q

Where are corals

A
  • —> widely distributed
  • —> mostly found btw Tropic of Cancer(northern hemisphere) & Tropic of Capricon (southern hemisphere)
  • —> SEA: 70000cm 2 corals
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11
Q

Conditions affecting growth

A

WWTTSS

  • —> Wave action
  • —> Water depth
  • —> Temperature
  • —> Turbidity
  • —> Sendimentation
  • —> Salinity
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12
Q

Wave action

A

+

  • —> increases food and O2
  • —> prevent sediments from suffocating corals

-
—-> storm waves destructive to corals

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13
Q

Water depth

A

+

  • —> 10-60m
  • —> allows sunlight to penetrate
  • —> photosynthesis
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14
Q

Temperature

A

+

—-> 17-18 degrees

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15
Q

Turbidity

A

—-> high turbidity: restricts sunlight penetration

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16
Q

Sedimentation

A

-

Suffocate corals

17
Q

Salinity

A

It is the amount of salt in water

+
—-> average

-
—-> low salinity prevents growth

18
Q

Value of corals

A

HABITAT

  • —> support natural ecosystems
  • —> home for marine creatures
  • —> support >25% fish
  • —> provide food for creatures

PREVENT EROSION
—-> absorb wave energy

TOURISM

  • —> millions of visitors
  • —> souvenirs
19
Q

Pressures on corals

A

PROF SUCC

  • —> Pollution
  • —> Recreational use of coast
  • —> Overcollecting
  • —> Fishing methods
  • —> Siltation
  • —> Untreated sewage
  • —> Coastal developments
  • —> Climate change
20
Q

Pollution

A

Sewage
Industrial: oils & heavy metals
Agricultural: fertilizers & chemicals

  • —> water turns turbid/murky
  • —> prevent sunlight penetration

Philippines

21
Q

Recreational use of coasts

A

Building: facilities
Anchoring: boats
Trampling: boats

  • —> waste discharged
  • —> boat damage corals

Sri Lanka

22
Q

Overcollecting

A
  • —> overfishing
  • —> disrupts ecosystem’s food chain

Philippines

23
Q

fishing methods

A

Dynamite blasting
Cyanide
Spearfishing

  • —> habitat destroyed
  • —> disrupt ecosystem of food chain

Philippines, Indonesia, the Netherlands

24
Q

Siltation

A
  • —> Sediments cleared of forests washed into waters
  • —> corals suffocate

India

25
Q

untreated sewage

A
  • —> waste deposited into the sea
  • —> reefs destroyed

Sri Lanka

26
Q

Climate change

A
  • —> rise in sea temp & levels faster than ability of corals to adjust
  • —> Coral bleaching: loss of algae, algae turns white/bleach

Seychelles

27
Q

Coastal developments

A
  • —> Extension of land by dumping sand/rocks onto reefs (Japan)
  • —> More waste from urban areas (Florida)
  • —> Suffocate corals
28
Q

What are mangroves?

A
  • —> salt-tolerant plants

- —> grow in tidal mud on sheltered coasts

29
Q

Distribution of mangroves

A
  • —> Btw Tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn
  • —> patches of mangroves further north and south of these tropics
  • —> Malay peninsula, Borneo, New Guinea, Northern Australia
30
Q

Adaptations of mangroves

A

ROOTS

  • —> Special aerial roots: take in O2 in waterlogged conditions
  • —> stilts/prop roots: anchor trees firmly in the soft, muddy ground

FRUITS

  • —> Javelin-shaped: pierce soft mud to germinate immediately
  • —> Buoyant: float

LEAVES

  • —> salt tolerant
  • —> secrete excess salt
31
Q

Zonation of mangroves ( seaward front )

A
  • —> strong tides
  • —> sendiment changes
  • —> pencil roots: maintain stability & anchorage
32
Q

Zonation of mangroves ( middle )

A
  • —> more dense
  • —> sedimentation important for mangroves to maintain greater heights
  • —> Prop roots: support their heights
33
Q

Zonation ( inland )

A
  • —> roots trap soil

- —> soil essential for plant growth

34
Q

Value of mangroves

A

HABITAT

  • —> fish
  • —> oysters, shrimps, crabs in roots

STABILISING SHORELINES

  • —> absorb wave energy
  • —> prevent erosion of coasts

FUEL

  • —> provide wood for fuel
  • —> charcoal

WATER

  • —> natural filters for water
  • —> roots purify the water

Geography (23 decks)

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