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IGCSE Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a coast?

A

where the land meets the sea.

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2
Q

What are high and low water marks the result of?

A

high and low tides.

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3
Q

What is the area between the high and low water marks called?

A

the shore.

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4
Q

What are waves a result of?

A

friction between the wind and the surface of the sea.

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5
Q

What three things affect the size of a wave?

A

wind speed
length of time wind blows in same direction
lenth of sea where wind blows (fetch of wave)

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6
Q

What is the top of a wave called?

A

a wave crest.

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7
Q

What is the bottom of a wave called?

A

a wave trough.

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8
Q

What is swash?

A

the wave that rushes onto a beach.

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9
Q

What is backswash?

A

wave that goes back into the sea after rushing on to a beach.

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10
Q

What are four features of destructive waves?

A

weak swash
strong backswash
high/steep
remove material from beach

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11
Q

What are four features of constructive waves?

A

strong swash
weak backswash
builds up the beach
low waves

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12
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

movement of sediment along a beach.

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13
Q

What are groynes?

A

barriers that trap sediment and reduce longshore drift.

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14
Q

What are cliffs and wave-cut platforms?

A

vertical or steeply sloping rocks

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15
Q

Where is a wave cut notch on cliffs and wave-cut platforms?

A

high tide level

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16
Q

How is a wave-cut platform formed?

A

the retreat of a cliff.

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17
Q

What are three features of headlands?

A
  • projects out into the sea
  • is usually longer than its breadth
  • has sides which form cliffs
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18
Q

What are four features of bays?

A
  • an approximately semi-circular shape of sea extending into the sea
  • a wide open entrance from the sea
  • land behind it that is lower than the headlands on either side
  • form on discordant coasts
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19
Q

What are discordant coasts?

A

coasts that have different types of rocks at 90 degrees to the sea.

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20
Q

Where do arches and stacks form?

A

discordant coasts.

21
Q

How are arches, caves, and stacks formed?

A

wave refraction.

22
Q

What are beaches composed of?

A

sand, shingle, or both.

23
Q

How is material on a beach sorted?

A

fineness.

24
Q

How are spits formed?

A
  • prevailing wind
  • longshore drift
  • deposition builds up/repeated
  • onshore winds
25
Q

What is a spit called if it totally blocks a bay?

A

a bar.

26
Q

What is the water behind a bar called?

A

a lagoon.

27
Q

What forms in the waters behind a spit?

A

a saltwater marsh.

28
Q

What do salt marshes become in tropical sheltered waters?

A

mangrove swamp forests.

29
Q

How do salt marshes and mangrove swamps provide protection for the coast?

A
  • preventing erosion
  • allow a space for deposition to take place
  • giving the water a gentle place to settle
30
Q

How do salt marshes and mangrove swamps provide protection for the land?

A
  • protects against hurricanes/floods
31
Q

How do salt marshes and mangrove swamps provide protection for the sea?

A
  • filters chemicals
  • mud can collect there
32
Q

How do salt marshes and mangrove swamps provide an important habitat?

A
  • saltwater plants and mangroves can only grow there
  • many birds + fish thrive in those conditions
33
Q

How do salt marshes and mangrove swamps provide a recreational resource?

A
  • fishing
  • bird watching
  • boating
34
Q

What are stilt roots?

A

mangrove roots that anchor the plant in the soft mud and slow down water movement.

35
Q

What are sand dunes?

A

ridges of sand which form at the bank of beaches and on spits.

36
Q

How are sand dunes formed?

A

1) obstacle on beach
2) friction with obstacle slows onshore wind so sand is deposited around the obstacle
3) embreyo dunes form and join in a line called a fore dune
4) moves inland
5) dune becomes semi-fixed grey dune
6) dune becomes fixed dune

37
Q

Where do lines of dunes form?

A

parallel to the sea.

38
Q

What is marram grass?

A

grows on dunes
resistant to drought
network of long roots
slows wind and protects sand dunes from erosion

39
Q

Why are semi-fixed dunes grey?

A

because of the humus from plant decay.

40
Q

How can you tell which dunes are the oldest?

A

further inland = older

41
Q

What does an increase in the depth of soil of a dune do?

A

more humus content
more water retention

42
Q

What are the pHs of young and old dunes?

A

young dunes - alkaline
old dunes - acidic (rainwater leaches nutrients)

43
Q

What are slacks?

A

long, marshy depressions that lie between dune ridges and contain water-loving plant species.

44
Q

What is a blowout?

A

a depression in a sand dune caused by wind removing exposed sand.

45
Q

Where are coral reefs found?

A

between latitudes 30* north and 30* south.

46
Q

Where do coral reefs grow?

A

below low tide level.

47
Q

What do coral reefs need to thrive?

A

oxygen, food, clear/clean water, high salinity, sunlight.

48
Q

What are the three types of coral reefs?

A

Fringing reef - right around the isalnd
Barrier reef - slightly off the island coast
Atoll - in a circle not around an island

IGCSE Geography (12 decks)

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