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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mechanical weathering/freeze thaw?

A

When water gets into cracks freezes and then expands causing the break down of rock

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2
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

When rainwater is acidic and falls on the rock a weak chemical reaction takes place causing the rock to break down

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3
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Actions of plants and animals widening cracks in rocks causing them to break down

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4
Q

What are the types of mass movement?

A

Sliding, slumping and rock falls

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5
Q

What is deposition?

A

When there is not enough energy to carry eroded material any further. It is deposited by constructive waves

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6
Q

What are the types of erosion?

A

Abrasion, hydraulic action, attrition, solution

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7
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When fragments of rock are picked up by the waves and thrown against the cliff face causing pieces to fall off

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8
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

When waves crash against the cliff air is compressed into cracks under the weight of the water causing the cliff to breakdown

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9
Q

What is attrition?

A

Rocks and pebbles carried by waves ae reduced in size as they collide against eachother

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10
Q

What is solution?

A

Chemical action on rocks by seawater. It is most effective on limestone rocks

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11
Q

What are the types of transport?

A

Traction, saltation, suspension, solution and long shore drift

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12
Q

What is traction?

A

Large boulders are rolled along the seabed by waves

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13
Q

What is saltation?

A

Smaller stones are bounced along the seabed

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14
Q

What us suspension?

A

Sand and small particles are carried along in the flow

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15
Q

What is longshore drift?

A
  1. Sediment created from eroded cliffs
  2. Action of the swash moves in at 45°
  3. This is in the direction of prevailing wind
  4. The action of the backwash will bring the Sediment back down at 90° due to gravity
  5. As waves hit the beach thus zigzag process continues
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16
Q

What is solution (transport)?

A

minerals dissolved in seawater are carried along in the flow

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17
Q

What is soft rock?

A

Easily eroded by the sea; cliffs liss rugged and less steep; landscapes include bays

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18
Q

What is hard rock?

A

More resistant to all types of erosion; cliffs will be steep and rugged; landscapes include wave cut platforms and headlands where caves, arches and stacks form

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19
Q

What does concordant mean?

A

Coast is made up of the same rock type e.g. White cliffs of Dover

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20
Q

What does discordant mean?

A

Rock type alternates (hard to soft) perpendicular to coastline to form headlands and bays e.g. jurassic Coast

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21
Q

What are joints and faults?

A

Joints- small cracks
Faults- large cracks
Both features make the rocks more prone to erosion

22
Q

What is a destructive wave?

A

Swash is weak, backwash is strong. Material is dragged into the sea eroding the coast. High energy in stormy conditions

23
Q

What is a constructive wave?

A

Material is deposited building up the coast. They gave lower energy and occur in calmer conditions

24
Q

How does seasonality influence the coast?

A

Each season has a different impact on the coast. E.g. cold temperatures in winter leading to freeze thaw

25
Q

What is coastal retreat?

A

When coastal erosion causes the coastline to move further inland

26
Q

How does urbanisation impact coastal landscapes?

A

Weight of buildings make cliffs weaker, changes of drainage increase soil saturation making it more susceptible to mass movement

27
Q

Whats an impact of agriculture on coasts?

A

Increases soil erosion and sedimentation. Can create wildlife habitats

28
Q

How can industry impact coasts?

A

Increase air, noise and visual pollution. Can destroy habitats for birds, animals and sealife. Brings jobs and wealth to area

29
Q

What are the different types of coastal defences? HARD ENGINEERING

A

Sea walls, groynes, rip rap,

30
Q

What are the different types of coastal defences? SOFT ENGINEERING

A

Beach nourishment, managed retreat

31
Q

How do coasts impact humans?

A

Storm surges, rising sea levels, coastal erosion leads to retreating cliffs and loss of homes, roads and railways. Decreased value of properties dye to difficulties obtaining home insurance

32
Q

How do humans impact on coasts impact the environment?

A

Wildlife habitats destroyed, increased deposition further along the coast, coastal flooding

33
Q

How does stormy weather influence the coast?

A

-Coasts have strong winds meaning more destructive waves
-Frequent storms damages coastal landforms
-Beach sediment moved along coastline
-Sand dunes can be removed

34
Q

How does prevailing wind impact coastlines?

A

From South to West, bringing warm moist air meaning frequent rainfall and strong waves. This leads to increased weathering erosion and mass movement.

35
Q

What are the advantages or sea walls?

A

•protects cliff against erosion
•often includes walkways

36
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

A

•quick construction
•stop longshore drift
•£10,000 each (mid range)
•bigger beach = more tourists

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of seawalls?

A

•unaesthetic
•expensive to build/maintain (£5000-£10,000 per meter)

38
Q

What is the disadvantage of groynes?

A

Effects movement of sediment so can create issues further down the coast by causing increased erosion

39
Q

What are the advantages of rip rap?

A

•boulders force waces to break dissipating energy and reducing cliff erosion
•quickly put in place
•cheap to maintain

40
Q

What are the disadvantages of rip rap?

A

•transport costs high, rocks usually imported
•can impede access to beach
•do not fit local geology
•expensive £1000 per meter

41
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment?

A

•beach can absorb more wave energy + protect cost
•sediment obtained locally so fits in/attractive
•easy and cheap to maintain (£100 per meter)

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A

•won’t last long if subject to strong swords
•needs constant maintenance
•restricts access to beach

43
Q

What are the advantages of managed retreat?

A

•natural process
•allows for increased habitats

44
Q

Whats the disadvantage of managed retreat?

A

•impacts function of coastline

45
Q

What are the impacts of costal erosion on people?

A

•loss of people’s homes
•cliffs too dangerous for walkers
•disruption to roads and railways
•decreasing value of properties due to difficulties obtaining insurance

46
Q

When was the Dawlish railway submerged by coastal flooding?

A

2014

47
Q

How much does the holderness cost retreat by each year?

A

2 meters

48
Q

What is the significance of the holderness coasts location?

A

•soft boulder clay susceptible to slumping and erosion
•chalk at Flamborough head is more resistance
•location exposed strong waves due to the north sea

49
Q

What are the physical processes at work on the holderness coast?

A

•coastal erosion
•mass movement
•transportation

50
Q

What is the transportation on the holderness coast?

A

Strong waves move the eroded material away from the coastline deposition happens further south at Spurn Head

51
Q

What are the human processes at work on the holderness coast?

A

•rip rap and groynes at mappleton have protected areas from erosion and cliff collapse
•hard engineering in some places prevented transportation meaning more erosion in other areas of coastline

52
Q

What the changes caused on the holderness coast?

A

•2m of coastal retreat
•23 villages lost since roman times
•B1242 lost to erosion

Geography (12 decks)

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