Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of mass movement?

A

Rockfall, landslide, mudflow and slump.

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2
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downward movement of material under the influence of gravity.

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of weathering?

A

Mechanical, biological and chemical.

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4
Q

What is rockfall?

A

Fragments of rock that break away from a cliff-face.

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5
Q

What is a landslide?

A

Blocks of rock that slide downhill.

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6
Q

What is mudflow?

A

When saturated soil and weak rock flow down a slope.

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7
Q

What is a slump?

A

A mass of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved slip plane.

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8
Q

What is the difference between a constructive and destructive wave in frequency?

A

Destructive has a higher wave frequency.
Constructive has a lower wave frequency.

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9
Q

What are the 4 types of coastal erosion?

A

Attrition, hydraulic action, abrasion or solution.

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10
Q

What is attrition?

A

When rocks/ pebbles knock into each other. Causing rocks to erode.

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11
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When pebbles grind against a rock-platform like sandpaper. Over time, the rock becomes smooth.

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12
Q

What 2 conditions are needed for sand dunes to develop?

A

Wide sandy beaches as a supply of good sediment.

Strong onshore winds to transport sand.

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13
Q

How do dunes develop over time?

_________________ form around obstacles.

Then _____________ by vegetation to form ____________ and _____________________.

_______________ form by accumulation of organic matter making dunes more ___________.

_______________ form due to wind making ________________ in the sand.

A

Embryo dunes

stabilised
foredunes
tall yellow dunes

Back dunes
fertile

Dune slacks
depressions

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14
Q

How is a spit formed?

Needs __________________ and a __________________ to form a ______________________ jutting out onto the sea.
The __________________ makes the sediment ________, forming a ________.
The _______________ deposits material, creating a _____________ behind the spit.

A

longshore drift
prevailing wind
stretch of sediment

secondary wind
bend
hook

river mouth
saltmarsh

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15
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

A spit connecting the mainland to an island.

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16
Q

What is a bar?

A

A spit grown across a bay, trapping a lagoon behind it.

17
Q

Explain how different coastal landforms are created by erosion.

The sea attacks the ______ of the cliff and begins to erode cracks through ____________________________.

Gradually, the cracks _________ and develop into caves. The cave furtherly erodes until an _______ forms.

The combination of the _____________ at the base of the arch and ________________________ causes the structure to __________. Until the arch collapses due to gravity.

Leaving a _________, which continually erodes and then collapses to form a _______.

A

foot
hydraulic action and abrasion

get larger
arch

wave attack
weathering of the arch roof
weaken

stack
stump

18
Q

Explain how a coastline of headlands and bays forms and changes over time. (4)

A ____________________ has bands of hard rock and soft rock. The softer rock will erode at _____________ and _______________ than the hard rock.

Over thousands of years, the softer rock will erode more quickly than the harder rock to form _____________________________ and _____________________________.

A ____________________ may develop from headlands retreating while ___________ may develop in bays because of ______________________.

A

discordant coastline
right angles
retreat faster

headlands jutting out to the sea
bays where land retreats back

wave cut platform
beaches
wave refraction

19
Q

What is a case study of 3 chalk formations including a stack and stump?

A

Old Harry Rocks off the coast of Dorset, South England.