coastal landscapes

Question 1

where is the case study?

Answer 1

walton on the naze in essex

Question 2

what type of rock does walton on the naze have?

Answer 2

london clay - soft rock

Question 3

protected needed for?

Answer 3

12, 000 inhabitants & 100, 000 visitors

Question 4

what and when was the hard engineering used?

Answer 4

groynes and sea walk built in 1977

Question 5

what and when was soft engineering used?

Answer 5

beach replenishment in 1999 with cliff regarding

Question 6

how has coastal recession effected Happisburgh?

Answer 6

25 homes lost, gone down in value

Question 7

effects of coastal recession in Mapleton?

Answer 7

farmland lost - 2M per year

Question 8

in dawlish?

Answer 8

tourism effected

Question 9

how could you prevent coastal flooding?

Answer 9

bangladesh - megaphone & flag warnings

USA- evacuation routes and flood prof homes on stilts

Question 10

what is the definition of intertidal zone?

Answer 10

the area above water at low tide and underwater at high tide

Question 11

what are the characteristics of a constructive wave?

Answer 11

less powerful and stronger swosh than backwash

Question 12

characteristics of a destructive wave?

Answer 12

backwash stronger than swosh

high energy and short wavelength

Question 13

how does crystallisation work?

Answer 13

tide goes in and out, water fills crack in rock, sun heats water and evaporates, salt is left over

Question 14

how are headland and bays formed?

Answer 14

hydraulic action & abrasion erode the hard rock

Question 15

how are caves produced?

Answer 15

crack forms in the rock due to hydraulic action, crack gets bigger and form a cave.

Question 16

how is an arch formed?

Answer 16

cave is present and the water erodes the headlands leaving an arch

Question 17

how is a stack formed?

Answer 17

the water erodes bottom of the arch and the rock falls

Question 18

how is a stump formed?

Answer 18

finally the rock gets reformed down until a small piece of rock is left - stump

Question 19

what is longshore drift?

Answer 19

transports materials along beach. goes in direction of the wind then go straight back into the sea due to gravity

Question 20

how does longshore drift create a spit?

Answer 20

movement of sediment goes past the coast & rocks are deposited into ground - forms a spit with a marsh behind it

Question 21

what 4 things speed up cliff recession?

Answer 21

bigger waves from the wind
bigger fetch
vertical layered rocks erode faster than horizontal
type of rock

Question 22

3 ways to predict a coastal flood?

Answer 22

spring tide - much higher due to sun & moon
deeper water
strong winds

Question 23

4 ways a HIC can reduce effects of coastal flooding by building design?

Answer 23

house raised
steel constructions
pannels over windows
make ground floor storage rooms

Question 24

how could LICs do this?

Answer 24

raised area made out of concrete that fits 3000 people

Question 25

what are 3 types of hard engineering?

Answer 25

groynes
sea walls
off shore reefs

Question 26

what are the advantages and disadvantages of groynes?

Answer 26

pro - stops sand moving - bigger beach- waves further away

cons - very expensive and lots of maintenance needed

Question 27

what are the advantages and disadvantages of sea walls?

Answer 27

pros - deflects waves energy back out to sea, no maintenance needed
cons- expensive, ugly

Question 28

what are the advantages and disadvantages of offshore reefs?

Answer 28

piles of boulders to absorb energy, attractive

cons- expensive & lots of maintenance

Question 29

what are 2 soft engineering methods?

Answer 29

gabions and cliff regarding?

Question 30

what are the advantages and disadvantages of gabions?

Answer 30

pros- not a lot maintenance needed, cheap

cons- ugly, unpopular

Question 31

what are the advantages and disadvantages of cliff regarding?

Answer 31

pros - reduces angle of cliff, attractive

cons- doesn’t completely stop erosion