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3. Sys Path > CO2 Hemolymphatic > Flashcards

CO2 Hemolymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

types of histiocytic sarcoma and Ddx for each

A
  • Type: macrophage
  • DDx:
    – lymphoma
    – amyloidosis
    <><>
  • Type: dendritic-cell
  • DDx:
    – metastatic neoplasia
    – abscesses
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2
Q

is lymphoma diffuse or nodular?

A

can be either

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3
Q

why might an infarct occur on the border of the spleen vs central? how can we tell the age of an infarct?

A
  • less collateral circulation around splenic margin
  • younger infarct is dark, older is pale as cleanup is happening, lots of WBCs…
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4
Q

Hemangiosarcoma/Hematoma
- Does size matter?
- How do we differentiate between the two? Is it easy?

A
  • size doesn’t matter
  • we cannot easily differentiate between them, need many samples for histology
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5
Q

causes of splenic congestion?

A

– barbiturates
– volvulus
– septicemia

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6
Q

what is amyloidosis of the spleen and what does it look like?

A
  • abnormally folded protein builds up
  • waxy appearance
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7
Q

significance of siderotic plaques?

A
  • will not hurt the animal
  • seen in dogs, increase with age
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8
Q

What is an unusual lesion that can develop after splenic fracture/rupture?

A

splenosis - you have multiple spleens

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9
Q

normal function and appearance of lymphatics (gross and histological)

A
  • Function: transport lymph
    > Afferent & efferent
    <><>
  • Grossly: Typically not visible
    <><>
  • Histologically: Endothelial lined vessels
    – difficult to differentiate from veins
    > unless there is luminal content
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10
Q

Lymphedema pathology

A

accumulation of fluid in tissue secondary to lymphatic blockage/damage
– Lymphatic obstruction most common, arteriovenous shunt

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11
Q

Lymphangitis pathology

A

infection/inflammation of lymph vessels
– Usually occurs with lymphadenitis, not as primary lesion

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12
Q

Lymphangiectasia pathology
-accompanying clinical sign?

A

abnormally dilatated lymph vessels
– Developmental
– Acquired: obstruction (neoplasia, inflammation) but usually idiopathic
– Protein losing enteropathy clinically with dilated lacteals histologically

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13
Q

Lymphangiosarcoma pathology
-location, prognosis in cats

A

neoplasia of the lymphatics
– Cats: Ventral abdomen, poor prognosis

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14
Q

Johne’s disease will also have what lymph condition?

A

will also have lymphadenitis

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15
Q

how do lacteals look in lymphangiectasia?

A

white, dilated, “fuzzy”

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16
Q

Lymphangiosarcoma lesions in cats?

A

Ventral abdomen, poor prognosis
- erythematous inguinal region

17
Q

lymph nodes function and structure?

A
  • Functions:
    1. Lymph filtring (particulate matter & microorganisms)
    2. Surveillance and processing of incoming antigens
    3. B-lymphocyte maturation and plasma cell development
  • Regions:
    > Cortex: lymphoid follicles
    > Paracortex: diffuse lymphoid tissue
    > Medulla: cords of lymphocytes/plasma cells and macrophages
    > Sinuses: lymph (subcapsular, paratrabecular, medullary)
18
Q

why might lymph nodes be small?

A
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Cachexia/Malnutrition
  • Aging
  • Viral Infection (!)
  • Radiation
19
Q

why might a lymph node have multifocal or focal enlargements?

A
  • Metastatic Neoplasia
  • Follicular Hyperplasia (B-cell)
  • Acute/Chronic Lymphadenitis (can be multifocal or diffuse)
  • Granulomatous (mycobacteria, fungi)
  • Caseous (CLA)
  • Abscessation
20
Q

why might a lymph node be diffusely enlarged?

A
  • Primary Neoplasia (Lymphoma*)
  • Diffuse Hyperplasia (T-cell)
  • Acute/Chronic Lymphadenitis*
  • Sinus Histiocytosis
    <>
  • *= can be multifocal or diffuse
21
Q

reasons for Lymphadenomegaly / lymphadenopathy
– Whole body
– Focal or regional

A
  • Lymphadenomegaly/lymphadenopathy
    – Hyperplasia (stimulation), accumulation, neoplasia, infection
    <><>
    – Whole body
  • Systemic infectious/inflammatory/neoplastic process
    – Focal or regional
  • Localized infections/inflammatory/neoplastic process
22
Q

is lymph node hyperplasia reversible?

A

yes

23
Q

Sinus histiocytosis/Macrophage hyperplasia
- response to what, drains from where?

A

– Response to draining antigens
– Draining from catchment area

24
Q

how is a pigs lymph node different

A
  • inside out
25
Q

what causes strangles?

A
  • Streptococcus equi ssp. equi
  • Mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
  • Spread to abdominal lymph nodes = bastard strangles
26
Q

Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) pethogenesis?

A

– Skin wound (shearing) → Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis penetrates skin → drains to regional lymph node → systemic circulation → localizes to internal lymph nodes, lungs, spleen

27
Q

what is lymphoma? what secondary disease is possible?

A
  • Neoplastic lymphocytes forming solid tumors
  • Secondary leukemia possible
28
Q

Leukemia - what is this? secondary formation of what is possible?

A
  • Neoplastic lymphocytes in bone marrow and blood
  • Secondary formation of solid tumors possible
29
Q

Bovine Lymphoma broad types?

A
  • Sporadic (not BLV)
  • Enzootic (BLV associated)
30
Q

types of sporadic bovine lymhoma? animals affected?

A

Sporadic (not BLV)

– Multicentric: calves ≤ 6 mos
> LNs + organs + bone marrow

– Thymic: 6-24 mos (adolescent)
> Massive thymic enlargement

– Cutaneous: 6-24 mos
> Multifocal skin tumours

31
Q

what types of enzootic bovine lymhoma are there? what ages affected? what locations?

A

Enzootic (BLV associated)
- BLV = Bovine leukemia virus
- Multicentric: 4-8 years
> Widely distributed in LNs
> Uterus, abomasum, myocardium
> Spinal (CNS)
> Lymphoid tissue behind eyes

32
Q

types of equine lymphoma? locations affected?

A
  • Alimentary / internal
    > GI and regional LNs, liver, spleen, peritoneum
  • Multicentric
    > Peripheral LNs, abdominal LNs, mediastinal mass
  • Cutaneous
33
Q

what is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue? what is its function?

A

– Lymphocytes and dendritic cells in mucosa of organs
– Lymphoid tissue/nodules in the mucosa
> BALT, GALT, CALT etc.
> Peyer’s Patches, Bursa of Fabricius
> Pharyngeal and palatine tonsils
<><>
* Function:
> Act as sentinels protecting mucosal barriers
> B-cell development in Peyer’s Patches (ruminants) & Bursa of Fabricius (birds)

34
Q

what can cause MALT atrophy?

A
  • viral infection, malnutrition / cachexia, aging, chemotheray, radiation, toxins
    > BVDV: lymphocytolysis and necrosis of germinal centers GALT and Peyer’s patches
35
Q

MALT hyperplasia cause?

A

– Antigenic Stimulation

36
Q

Where do we find Peyer’s patches and what is their distribution?

A

Ileum: continuous ( 1-2 m)
Jejunum: discrete (2-4 cm)

37
Q

neoplasias of the tonsils?

A

– Lymphoma
– Squamous Cell Carcinoma

3. Sys Path (28 decks)

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