CO2 Hemolymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

types of histiocytic sarcoma and Ddx for each

A
  • Type: macrophage
  • DDx:
    – lymphoma
    – amyloidosis
    <><>
  • Type: dendritic-cell
  • DDx:
    – metastatic neoplasia
    – abscesses
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2
Q

is lymphoma diffuse or nodular?

A

can be either

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3
Q

why might an infarct occur on the border of the spleen vs central? how can we tell the age of an infarct?

A
  • less collateral circulation around splenic margin
  • younger infarct is dark, older is pale as cleanup is happening, lots of WBCs…
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4
Q

Hemangiosarcoma/Hematoma
- Does size matter?
- How do we differentiate between the two? Is it easy?

A
  • size doesn’t matter
  • we cannot easily differentiate between them, need many samples for histology
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5
Q

causes of splenic congestion?

A

– barbiturates
– volvulus
– septicemia

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6
Q

what is amyloidosis of the spleen and what does it look like?

A
  • abnormally folded protein builds up
  • waxy appearance
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7
Q

significance of siderotic plaques?

A
  • will not hurt the animal
  • seen in dogs, increase with age
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8
Q

What is an unusual lesion that can develop after splenic fracture/rupture?

A

splenosis - you have multiple spleens

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9
Q

normal function and appearance of lymphatics (gross and histological)

A
  • Function: transport lymph
    > Afferent & efferent
    <><>
  • Grossly: Typically not visible
    <><>
  • Histologically: Endothelial lined vessels
    – difficult to differentiate from veins
    > unless there is luminal content
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10
Q

Lymphedema pathology

A

accumulation of fluid in tissue secondary to lymphatic blockage/damage
– Lymphatic obstruction most common, arteriovenous shunt

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11
Q

Lymphangitis pathology

A

infection/inflammation of lymph vessels
– Usually occurs with lymphadenitis, not as primary lesion

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12
Q

Lymphangiectasia pathology
-accompanying clinical sign?

A

abnormally dilatated lymph vessels
– Developmental
– Acquired: obstruction (neoplasia, inflammation) but usually idiopathic
– Protein losing enteropathy clinically with dilated lacteals histologically

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13
Q

Lymphangiosarcoma pathology
-location, prognosis in cats

A

neoplasia of the lymphatics
– Cats: Ventral abdomen, poor prognosis

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14
Q

Johne’s disease will also have what lymph condition?

A

will also have lymphadenitis

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15
Q

how do lacteals look in lymphangiectasia?

A

white, dilated, “fuzzy”

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16
Q

Lymphangiosarcoma lesions in cats?

A

Ventral abdomen, poor prognosis
- erythematous inguinal region

17
Q

lymph nodes function and structure?

A
  • Functions:
    1. Lymph filtring (particulate matter & microorganisms)
    2. Surveillance and processing of incoming antigens
    3. B-lymphocyte maturation and plasma cell development
  • Regions:
    > Cortex: lymphoid follicles
    > Paracortex: diffuse lymphoid tissue
    > Medulla: cords of lymphocytes/plasma cells and macrophages
    > Sinuses: lymph (subcapsular, paratrabecular, medullary)
18
Q

why might lymph nodes be small?

A
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Cachexia/Malnutrition
  • Aging
  • Viral Infection (!)
  • Radiation
19
Q

why might a lymph node have multifocal or focal enlargements?

A
  • Metastatic Neoplasia
  • Follicular Hyperplasia (B-cell)
  • Acute/Chronic Lymphadenitis (can be multifocal or diffuse)
  • Granulomatous (mycobacteria, fungi)
  • Caseous (CLA)
  • Abscessation
20
Q

why might a lymph node be diffusely enlarged?

A
  • Primary Neoplasia (Lymphoma*)
  • Diffuse Hyperplasia (T-cell)
  • Acute/Chronic Lymphadenitis*
  • Sinus Histiocytosis
    <>
  • *= can be multifocal or diffuse
21
Q

reasons for Lymphadenomegaly / lymphadenopathy
– Whole body
– Focal or regional

A
  • Lymphadenomegaly/lymphadenopathy
    – Hyperplasia (stimulation), accumulation, neoplasia, infection
    <><>
    – Whole body
  • Systemic infectious/inflammatory/neoplastic process
    – Focal or regional
  • Localized infections/inflammatory/neoplastic process
22
Q

is lymph node hyperplasia reversible?

23
Q

Sinus histiocytosis/Macrophage hyperplasia
- response to what, drains from where?

A

– Response to draining antigens
– Draining from catchment area

24
Q

how is a pigs lymph node different

A
  • inside out
25
what causes strangles?
* Streptococcus equi ssp. equi * Mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes * Spread to abdominal lymph nodes = bastard strangles
26
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) pethogenesis?
– Skin wound (shearing) → Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis penetrates skin → drains to regional lymph node → systemic circulation → localizes to internal lymph nodes, lungs, spleen
27
what is lymphoma? what secondary disease is possible?
* Neoplastic lymphocytes forming solid tumors * Secondary leukemia possible
28
Leukemia - what is this? secondary formation of what is possible?
* Neoplastic lymphocytes in bone marrow and blood * Secondary formation of solid tumors possible
29
Bovine Lymphoma broad types?
* Sporadic (not BLV) * Enzootic (BLV associated)
30
types of sporadic bovine lymhoma? animals affected?
Sporadic (not BLV) – Multicentric: calves ≤ 6 mos > LNs + organs + bone marrow – Thymic: 6-24 mos (adolescent) > Massive thymic enlargement – Cutaneous: 6-24 mos > Multifocal skin tumours
31
what types of enzootic bovine lymhoma are there? what ages affected? what locations?
Enzootic (BLV associated) - BLV = Bovine leukemia virus - Multicentric: 4-8 years > Widely distributed in LNs > Uterus, abomasum, myocardium > Spinal (CNS) > Lymphoid tissue behind eyes
32
types of equine lymphoma? locations affected?
* Alimentary / internal > GI and regional LNs, liver, spleen, peritoneum * Multicentric > Peripheral LNs, abdominal LNs, mediastinal mass * Cutaneous
33
what is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue? what is its function?
– Lymphocytes and dendritic cells in mucosa of organs – Lymphoid tissue/nodules in the mucosa > BALT, GALT, CALT etc. > Peyer’s Patches, Bursa of Fabricius > Pharyngeal and palatine tonsils <><> * Function: > Act as sentinels protecting mucosal barriers > B-cell development in Peyer’s Patches (ruminants) & Bursa of Fabricius (birds)
34
what can cause MALT atrophy?
- viral infection, malnutrition / cachexia, aging, chemotheray, radiation, toxins > BVDV: lymphocytolysis and necrosis of germinal centers GALT and Peyer's patches
35
MALT hyperplasia cause?
– Antigenic Stimulation
36
Where do we find Peyer's patches and what is their distribution?
Ileum: continuous ( 1-2 m) Jejunum: discrete (2-4 cm)
37
neoplasias of the tonsils?
– Lymphoma – Squamous Cell Carcinoma