CO2 Hemolymphatic Flashcards
types of histiocytic sarcoma and Ddx for each
- Type: macrophage
- DDx:
– lymphoma
– amyloidosis
<><> - Type: dendritic-cell
- DDx:
– metastatic neoplasia
– abscesses
is lymphoma diffuse or nodular?
can be either
why might an infarct occur on the border of the spleen vs central? how can we tell the age of an infarct?
- less collateral circulation around splenic margin
- younger infarct is dark, older is pale as cleanup is happening, lots of WBCs…
Hemangiosarcoma/Hematoma
- Does size matter?
- How do we differentiate between the two? Is it easy?
- size doesn’t matter
- we cannot easily differentiate between them, need many samples for histology
causes of splenic congestion?
– barbiturates
– volvulus
– septicemia
what is amyloidosis of the spleen and what does it look like?
- abnormally folded protein builds up
- waxy appearance
significance of siderotic plaques?
- will not hurt the animal
- seen in dogs, increase with age
What is an unusual lesion that can develop after splenic fracture/rupture?
splenosis - you have multiple spleens
normal function and appearance of lymphatics (gross and histological)
- Function: transport lymph
> Afferent & efferent
<><> - Grossly: Typically not visible
<><> - Histologically: Endothelial lined vessels
– difficult to differentiate from veins
> unless there is luminal content
Lymphedema pathology
accumulation of fluid in tissue secondary to lymphatic blockage/damage
– Lymphatic obstruction most common, arteriovenous shunt
Lymphangitis pathology
infection/inflammation of lymph vessels
– Usually occurs with lymphadenitis, not as primary lesion
Lymphangiectasia pathology
-accompanying clinical sign?
abnormally dilatated lymph vessels
– Developmental
– Acquired: obstruction (neoplasia, inflammation) but usually idiopathic
– Protein losing enteropathy clinically with dilated lacteals histologically
Lymphangiosarcoma pathology
-location, prognosis in cats
neoplasia of the lymphatics
– Cats: Ventral abdomen, poor prognosis
Johne’s disease will also have what lymph condition?
will also have lymphadenitis
how do lacteals look in lymphangiectasia?
white, dilated, “fuzzy”
Lymphangiosarcoma lesions in cats?
Ventral abdomen, poor prognosis
- erythematous inguinal region
lymph nodes function and structure?
- Functions:
1. Lymph filtring (particulate matter & microorganisms)
2. Surveillance and processing of incoming antigens
3. B-lymphocyte maturation and plasma cell development - Regions:
> Cortex: lymphoid follicles
> Paracortex: diffuse lymphoid tissue
> Medulla: cords of lymphocytes/plasma cells and macrophages
> Sinuses: lymph (subcapsular, paratrabecular, medullary)
why might lymph nodes be small?
- Immunodeficiency
- Cachexia/Malnutrition
- Aging
- Viral Infection (!)
- Radiation
why might a lymph node have multifocal or focal enlargements?
- Metastatic Neoplasia
- Follicular Hyperplasia (B-cell)
- Acute/Chronic Lymphadenitis (can be multifocal or diffuse)
- Granulomatous (mycobacteria, fungi)
- Caseous (CLA)
- Abscessation
why might a lymph node be diffusely enlarged?
- Primary Neoplasia (Lymphoma*)
- Diffuse Hyperplasia (T-cell)
- Acute/Chronic Lymphadenitis*
- Sinus Histiocytosis
<> - *= can be multifocal or diffuse
reasons for Lymphadenomegaly / lymphadenopathy
– Whole body
– Focal or regional
- Lymphadenomegaly/lymphadenopathy
– Hyperplasia (stimulation), accumulation, neoplasia, infection
<><>
– Whole body - Systemic infectious/inflammatory/neoplastic process
– Focal or regional - Localized infections/inflammatory/neoplastic process
is lymph node hyperplasia reversible?
yes
Sinus histiocytosis/Macrophage hyperplasia
- response to what, drains from where?
– Response to draining antigens
– Draining from catchment area
how is a pigs lymph node different
- inside out
what causes strangles?
- Streptococcus equi ssp. equi
- Mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
- Spread to abdominal lymph nodes = bastard strangles
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) pethogenesis?
– Skin wound (shearing) → Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis penetrates skin → drains to regional lymph node → systemic circulation → localizes to internal lymph nodes, lungs, spleen
what is lymphoma? what secondary disease is possible?
- Neoplastic lymphocytes forming solid tumors
- Secondary leukemia possible
Leukemia - what is this? secondary formation of what is possible?
- Neoplastic lymphocytes in bone marrow and blood
- Secondary formation of solid tumors possible
Bovine Lymphoma broad types?
- Sporadic (not BLV)
- Enzootic (BLV associated)
types of sporadic bovine lymhoma? animals affected?
Sporadic (not BLV)
– Multicentric: calves ≤ 6 mos
> LNs + organs + bone marrow
– Thymic: 6-24 mos (adolescent)
> Massive thymic enlargement
– Cutaneous: 6-24 mos
> Multifocal skin tumours
what types of enzootic bovine lymhoma are there? what ages affected? what locations?
Enzootic (BLV associated)
- BLV = Bovine leukemia virus
- Multicentric: 4-8 years
> Widely distributed in LNs
> Uterus, abomasum, myocardium
> Spinal (CNS)
> Lymphoid tissue behind eyes
types of equine lymphoma? locations affected?
- Alimentary / internal
> GI and regional LNs, liver, spleen, peritoneum - Multicentric
> Peripheral LNs, abdominal LNs, mediastinal mass - Cutaneous
what is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue? what is its function?
– Lymphocytes and dendritic cells in mucosa of organs
– Lymphoid tissue/nodules in the mucosa
> BALT, GALT, CALT etc.
> Peyer’s Patches, Bursa of Fabricius
> Pharyngeal and palatine tonsils
<><>
* Function:
> Act as sentinels protecting mucosal barriers
> B-cell development in Peyer’s Patches (ruminants) & Bursa of Fabricius (birds)
what can cause MALT atrophy?
- viral infection, malnutrition / cachexia, aging, chemotheray, radiation, toxins
> BVDV: lymphocytolysis and necrosis of germinal centers GALT and Peyer’s patches
MALT hyperplasia cause?
– Antigenic Stimulation
Where do we find Peyer’s patches and what is their distribution?
Ileum: continuous ( 1-2 m)
Jejunum: discrete (2-4 cm)
neoplasias of the tonsils?
– Lymphoma
– Squamous Cell Carcinoma
