C14 Gastrointestinal Pathology I Flashcards
Congenital issues of the oral cavity
- cleft lip, palate
- common in what species? causes?
- Cheiloschisis (lip) +/- palatoschisis (palate)
o Primary involves lip only, secondary involves hard +/- soft palate
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Common: - calf; hereditary
- foal; griseofulvin
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Breed associated: - dog; hereditary, vitamin A
- cat; hereditary, griseofulvin
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Rare:
Lamb; Veratrum californicum
Pig; Tobacco
Cleft palate sequelae in calf
- Aspiration pneumonia – R middle lobe predisposed
> Usually die as neonates due to this - milk coming from nostrils
Brachygnathia superior
- what is this
- signalment
- cause
- Short maxilla, malocclusion
- Breed trait (brachycephalic dogs, Yorkshire pig)
- Hereditary in cattle (often other skeletal defects present)
Brachygnathia inferior
- what is this
- signalment
- cause
- associations
- Short mandible
- Breed trait
(dolichocephalic dogs) - Common in ruminants,
horses (parrot mouth) - May have other skeletal
defects
Prognathism
- what is this
- species
Long mandible
Common in sheep
Hard to tell from brachygnathia superior
Enamel hypoplasia
- cause
Viral damage to ameloblasts (distemper, BVD)
Can affect deciduous or permanent teeth
Brachycephalic teeth are a mess
- why
- too many or too few
- Malocclusion
- Fail to erupt – cysts distort jaws, can resemble neoplasms
Heterotropic polyodontia
- Teeth outside the dental arcades
Pseudopolyodontia
- what is it
- signalment
- consequence
Retained deciduous teeth
Miniature dogs, horses, cats
Can cause malalignment of permanent dentition
Dental attrition
- what
- species
- appearance
Dental attrition: loss of teeth/tooth structure due to mastication
o Abnormal wear is most obvious in herbivores
o Sharp points typically on lingual aspect of mandible, buccal aspect of maxilla
Caries
- what, how
- species
- possible sequelae
Caries: demineralization and degradation of dental matrix by bacteria
o Fermentation of carbohydrates produces acids that damage matrix
o Dentin degrades more easily, so small enamel defects can have larger dentin defects o Common in horses and sheep, rare in carnivores
o If infection spreads to the pulp, can cause pulpitis and tooth loss
o Not the same as resorptive lesions in cats!
Infundibular necrosis, teeth
- what is it
- signalment
- possible progression
Infundibular necrosis: common form of caries in older horses
o Occlusal surface accumulates feed and bacteria
o Can progress to tooth fracture, root abscess, maxillary sinus empyema
Feline resorptive lesions, teeth
- how does it occur?
- consequences
o Odontoclasts (similar to osteoclasts) resorb teeth
o Reasons not understood, resulting lesions painful, can lead to pulpitis
Pulpitis
- cause
- pathogenesis
- consequences
Pulpitis: always due to infection
o Bacteria enter via caries, fractures, abnormal wear, periodontitis, +/- hematogenous
o Usually blocks blood vessels and kills the tooth
o Can lead to apical abscess +/- fistula, osteomyelitis
Periodontal disease
- species affected
- progression
- anatomic locations
- pathogens in canine
- possible consequences
- Common in all species, especially dogs and sheep
- Starts as bacterial plaque (unmineralized), progresses to calculus when mineralized
- Calculus accumulation most common in carnivores, especially near salivary ducts
- Porphyromonas spp. obligate pathogens in canine gingivitis
- May lead to fistula formation (skin, nasal, sinuses, etc)
Food in the oral cavity of a dead animal is abnormal except for (species)
ruminants
‘Burr tongue’ in dogs - signalment, cause?
‘Burr tongue’ in dogs (especially long-haired due to grooming behaviour)
- oral foreign bodies
o Can develop large granulomas resembling neoplasia
Stomatitis (superficial)
- erosions vs ulceration
- causes
- signs
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- eosinophilic (rodent) ulcer
> cause? Tx?
- Erosion: damage to epithelium only
eg. Irritants – superficial damage - Dieffenbachia
- Paraquat
<><><><> - Ulceration: damage to deeper connective tissue, often see raised edges
eg. Eosinophilic (rodent) ulcer - Occurs on lips of cats of all ages
- Cause unknown
- Respond to steroids but often recur
- Sometimes contain few eosinophils
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Ptyalism – nonspecific sign of toxins, ulcers, pain, etc
Stomatitis (superficial)
- causes of ulceration
o Uremia (dogs > cats) – urease-producing bacteria producing ammonia?
o Autoimmune disease (dogs – GSD predisposed)
o Adjacent periodontal disease (dogs)
o Calicivirus and felid herpesvirus-1 (cats)
o Exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)
o Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (cattle)
Stomatitis (superficial)
- possible causes in cattle
- what should we do
o Vesicular stomatitis virus
o Bovine viral diarrhea
o Malignant catarrhal fever
o Foot and mouth disease
o Rinderpest
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If you see mouth ulcers in a farm animal, consider it a reportable vesicular disease until proven otherwise!
Stomatitis (superficial)
- vesicular stomatitis in ruminants, development
- Vesicular stomatitis in livestock begins as vesicles and then ulcerates
Stomatitis (superficial): Thrush
- what is it
- what animals
- appearance
Thrush (pigs, dogs, foals)
o Yeast proliferate in parakeratotic epithelium
o Grey pseudomembranes cover mucosa, can affect esophagus
Chronic gingivostomatitis-lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis
- species
- signalment
- cause
- cells included
(cats)
o Likely multifactorial disease of older cats
o Variable numbers of plasma cells, polyclonal gammopathy
Stomatitis (deep)
- general progression
- possible consequences
- Often begin as superficial lesions allowing bacterial entry
- May progress to cellulitis, abscesses
