C14 Gastrointestinal Pathology I Flashcards
Congenital issues of the oral cavity
- cleft lip, palate
- common in what species? causes?
- Cheiloschisis (lip) +/- palatoschisis (palate)
o Primary involves lip only, secondary involves hard +/- soft palate
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Common: - calf; hereditary
- foal; griseofulvin
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Breed associated: - dog; hereditary, vitamin A
- cat; hereditary, griseofulvin
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Rare:
Lamb; Veratrum californicum
Pig; Tobacco
Cleft palate sequelae in calf
- Aspiration pneumonia – R middle lobe predisposed
> Usually die as neonates due to this - milk coming from nostrils
Brachygnathia superior
- what is this
- signalment
- cause
- Short maxilla, malocclusion
- Breed trait (brachycephalic dogs, Yorkshire pig)
- Hereditary in cattle (often other skeletal defects present)
Brachygnathia inferior
- what is this
- signalment
- cause
- associations
- Short mandible
- Breed trait
(dolichocephalic dogs) - Common in ruminants,
horses (parrot mouth) - May have other skeletal
defects
Prognathism
- what is this
- species
Long mandible
Common in sheep
Hard to tell from brachygnathia superior
Enamel hypoplasia
- cause
Viral damage to ameloblasts (distemper, BVD)
Can affect deciduous or permanent teeth
Brachycephalic teeth are a mess
- why
- too many or too few
- Malocclusion
- Fail to erupt – cysts distort jaws, can resemble neoplasms
Heterotropic polyodontia
- Teeth outside the dental arcades
Pseudopolyodontia
- what is it
- signalment
- consequence
Retained deciduous teeth
Miniature dogs, horses, cats
Can cause malalignment of permanent dentition
Dental attrition
- what
- species
- appearance
Dental attrition: loss of teeth/tooth structure due to mastication
o Abnormal wear is most obvious in herbivores
o Sharp points typically on lingual aspect of mandible, buccal aspect of maxilla
Caries
- what, how
- species
- possible sequelae
Caries: demineralization and degradation of dental matrix by bacteria
o Fermentation of carbohydrates produces acids that damage matrix
o Dentin degrades more easily, so small enamel defects can have larger dentin defects o Common in horses and sheep, rare in carnivores
o If infection spreads to the pulp, can cause pulpitis and tooth loss
o Not the same as resorptive lesions in cats!
Infundibular necrosis, teeth
- what is it
- signalment
- possible progression
Infundibular necrosis: common form of caries in older horses
o Occlusal surface accumulates feed and bacteria
o Can progress to tooth fracture, root abscess, maxillary sinus empyema
Feline resorptive lesions, teeth
- how does it occur?
- consequences
o Odontoclasts (similar to osteoclasts) resorb teeth
o Reasons not understood, resulting lesions painful, can lead to pulpitis
Pulpitis
- cause
- pathogenesis
- consequences
Pulpitis: always due to infection
o Bacteria enter via caries, fractures, abnormal wear, periodontitis, +/- hematogenous
o Usually blocks blood vessels and kills the tooth
o Can lead to apical abscess +/- fistula, osteomyelitis
Periodontal disease
- species affected
- progression
- anatomic locations
- pathogens in canine
- possible consequences
- Common in all species, especially dogs and sheep
- Starts as bacterial plaque (unmineralized), progresses to calculus when mineralized
- Calculus accumulation most common in carnivores, especially near salivary ducts
- Porphyromonas spp. obligate pathogens in canine gingivitis
- May lead to fistula formation (skin, nasal, sinuses, etc)
Food in the oral cavity of a dead animal is abnormal except for (species)
ruminants
‘Burr tongue’ in dogs - signalment, cause?
‘Burr tongue’ in dogs (especially long-haired due to grooming behaviour)
- oral foreign bodies
o Can develop large granulomas resembling neoplasia
Stomatitis (superficial)
- erosions vs ulceration
- causes
- signs
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- eosinophilic (rodent) ulcer
> cause? Tx?
- Erosion: damage to epithelium only
eg. Irritants – superficial damage - Dieffenbachia
- Paraquat
<><><><> - Ulceration: damage to deeper connective tissue, often see raised edges
eg. Eosinophilic (rodent) ulcer - Occurs on lips of cats of all ages
- Cause unknown
- Respond to steroids but often recur
- Sometimes contain few eosinophils
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Ptyalism – nonspecific sign of toxins, ulcers, pain, etc
Stomatitis (superficial)
- causes of ulceration
o Uremia (dogs > cats) – urease-producing bacteria producing ammonia?
o Autoimmune disease (dogs – GSD predisposed)
o Adjacent periodontal disease (dogs)
o Calicivirus and felid herpesvirus-1 (cats)
o Exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)
o Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (cattle)
Stomatitis (superficial)
- possible causes in cattle
- what should we do
o Vesicular stomatitis virus
o Bovine viral diarrhea
o Malignant catarrhal fever
o Foot and mouth disease
o Rinderpest
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If you see mouth ulcers in a farm animal, consider it a reportable vesicular disease until proven otherwise!
Stomatitis (superficial)
- vesicular stomatitis in ruminants, development
- Vesicular stomatitis in livestock begins as vesicles and then ulcerates
Stomatitis (superficial): Thrush
- what is it
- what animals
- appearance
Thrush (pigs, dogs, foals)
o Yeast proliferate in parakeratotic epithelium
o Grey pseudomembranes cover mucosa, can affect esophagus
Chronic gingivostomatitis-lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis
- species
- signalment
- cause
- cells included
(cats)
o Likely multifactorial disease of older cats
o Variable numbers of plasma cells, polyclonal gammopathy
Stomatitis (deep)
- general progression
- possible consequences
- Often begin as superficial lesions allowing bacterial entry
- May progress to cellulitis, abscesses
Stomatitis (deep)
- Main cause of necrotic stomatitis in animals
> bacterial character, culture-ability
- presentation
- secondary to what in sheep? consequence?
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
o Main cause of necrotic stomatitis in animals
o Strict anaerobe – hard to culture
o Opportunistic, produces multiple toxins and multiple clinical
presentations
o Secondary to orf in sheep, can cause fatal septicemia in lambs
Calf diphtheria
- what is it
- agent
- lesions
- consequences
- predispositions
Fusobacterium necrophorum
o Calf diphtheria (necrotic laryngitis): dry, raised, necrotic lesions which may slough
o Can cause asphyxia if lesions form on the larynx
o Trauma, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and papular stomatitis predispose
Stomatitis (deep); Actinobacillus ligniersii
- what disease, species
- introduced via?
- lesions
- spread through body?
- Actinobacillus ligniersii
o ‘Wooden tongue’ of cattle
o Introduced via trauma
o Pyogranulomatous lesions with sulfur granules
o Unlike Actinomyces spp., spreads through soft tissue o Firm due to fibrosis, spreads along lymphatics
Stomatitis (deep); Actinomyces bovis
- what disease
- lesions
o ‘Lumpy jaw’ in cattle (and other herbivores) o Pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis
Tonsils
- importance for infectious disease processes
- often harbour what type of bacteria
- in dogs, a common site for what?
- Important site of pathogen replication – valuable to sample if suspect infectious disease!
- Often harbour opportunistic pathogens (ex. Erysipelas rhusiopathiae)
- Neoplasia relatively common in dogs
acute damage to salivary gland can lead to
hypersecretion, necrosis, edema, inflammation
chronic damage to salivary gland can lead to
atrophy, fibrosis, obstruction, squamous metaplasia
Salivary neoplasms
- are they common?
- type
- possible sequelae
Salivary neoplasms: most common lesion in carnivores but rare in all species
o Usually carcinomas, more aggressive in cats
o If produce mucus and rupture, can provoke granulomatous inflammation
Sialoadenitis
- common?
- causes?
- rare, second to neoplasia in frequency
o Viral (ex. rabies), ascending infection, rare autoimmune conditions
> Gingival masses (not always neoplastic) are
common in ___, not as much in other species
> Gingiva can proliferate a lot in response to
_____
- dogs
- inflammation
Fibrous hyperplasia in mouth
- species?
- appearance
- cells
- associations
- causes
common in dogs, focal or diffuse, plasma cells in stroma
o Nonpainful, may be associated with periodontal disease
o Familial diffuse form in boxers, also can be drug- induced
Ranula
- what is this
- Ranula: cystic distention of salivary duct along the base of the tongue
o Lined by epithelium, contains thick mucus or serous fluid
Sialocele
- what is this, origins
- anatomic location
- Sialocele: salivary secretion accumulates in cavities not lined by epithelium, suspected to be due to duct trauma
o Can be under the tongue or elsewhere
Oral papillomatosis
- what are these
- viral causes in dogs and calves
- appearance
- problematic?
- possible progression
Oral papillomatosis: benign epithelial tumours (warts)
o Canine papillomavirus-1 in young dogs, bovine papillomavirus-4 in calves
o Cauliflower-like proliferative grey growths on lips, gingiva, tongue, palate, etc
o Usually a cosmetic problem only, may bleed if traumatized
o Spontaneous regression and antibody-mediated immunity to reinfection
o Persistent infection if immunocompromised, malignant transformation rare
- The oral and pharyngeal mucosa is a common site of neoplasia in dogs and cats
- what proportion of tumors in dogs and cats?
- age?
- but maybe its not really?!
o 6% of all tumours in dogs, 7% in cats, usually older animals (6-8 years)
o But is this just because the mouth is easiest to see???
o Higher risk in males than females?
