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3. Sys Path > C14 Gastrointestinal Pathology I > Flashcards

C14 Gastrointestinal Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital issues of the oral cavity
- cleft lip, palate
- common in what species? causes?

A
  • Cheiloschisis (lip) +/- palatoschisis (palate)
    o Primary involves lip only, secondary involves hard +/- soft palate
    <><>
    Common:
  • calf; hereditary
  • foal; griseofulvin
    <><><><>
    Breed associated:
  • dog; hereditary, vitamin A
  • cat; hereditary, griseofulvin
    <><><><><><>
    Rare:
    Lamb; Veratrum californicum
    Pig; Tobacco
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2
Q

Cleft palate sequelae in calf

A
  • Aspiration pneumonia – R middle lobe predisposed
    > Usually die as neonates due to this
  • milk coming from nostrils
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3
Q

Brachygnathia superior
- what is this
- signalment
- cause

A
  • Short maxilla, malocclusion
  • Breed trait (brachycephalic dogs, Yorkshire pig)
  • Hereditary in cattle (often other skeletal defects present)
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4
Q

Brachygnathia inferior
- what is this
- signalment
- cause
- associations

A
  • Short mandible
  • Breed trait
    (dolichocephalic dogs)
  • Common in ruminants,
    horses (parrot mouth)
  • May have other skeletal
    defects
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5
Q

Prognathism
- what is this
- species

A

Long mandible
Common in sheep
Hard to tell from brachygnathia superior

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6
Q

Enamel hypoplasia
- cause

A

Viral damage to ameloblasts (distemper, BVD)
Can affect deciduous or permanent teeth

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7
Q

Brachycephalic teeth are a mess
- why

A
  • too many or too few
  • Malocclusion
  • Fail to erupt – cysts distort jaws, can resemble neoplasms
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8
Q

Heterotropic polyodontia

A
  • Teeth outside the dental arcades
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9
Q

Pseudopolyodontia
- what is it
- signalment
- consequence

A

Retained deciduous teeth
Miniature dogs, horses, cats
Can cause malalignment of permanent dentition

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10
Q

Dental attrition
- what
- species
- appearance

A

Dental attrition: loss of teeth/tooth structure due to mastication
o Abnormal wear is most obvious in herbivores
o Sharp points typically on lingual aspect of mandible, buccal aspect of maxilla

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11
Q

Caries
- what, how
- species
- possible sequelae

A

Caries: demineralization and degradation of dental matrix by bacteria
o Fermentation of carbohydrates produces acids that damage matrix
o Dentin degrades more easily, so small enamel defects can have larger dentin defects o Common in horses and sheep, rare in carnivores
o If infection spreads to the pulp, can cause pulpitis and tooth loss
o Not the same as resorptive lesions in cats!

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12
Q

Infundibular necrosis, teeth
- what is it
- signalment
- possible progression

A

Infundibular necrosis: common form of caries in older horses
o Occlusal surface accumulates feed and bacteria
o Can progress to tooth fracture, root abscess, maxillary sinus empyema

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13
Q

Feline resorptive lesions, teeth
- how does it occur?
- consequences

A

o Odontoclasts (similar to osteoclasts) resorb teeth
o Reasons not understood, resulting lesions painful, can lead to pulpitis

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14
Q

Pulpitis
- cause
- pathogenesis
- consequences

A

Pulpitis: always due to infection
o Bacteria enter via caries, fractures, abnormal wear, periodontitis, +/- hematogenous
o Usually blocks blood vessels and kills the tooth
o Can lead to apical abscess +/- fistula, osteomyelitis

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15
Q

Periodontal disease
- species affected
- progression
- anatomic locations
- pathogens in canine
- possible consequences

A
  • Common in all species, especially dogs and sheep
  • Starts as bacterial plaque (unmineralized), progresses to calculus when mineralized
  • Calculus accumulation most common in carnivores, especially near salivary ducts
  • Porphyromonas spp. obligate pathogens in canine gingivitis
  • May lead to fistula formation (skin, nasal, sinuses, etc)
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16
Q

Food in the oral cavity of a dead animal is abnormal except for (species)

A

ruminants

17
Q

‘Burr tongue’ in dogs - signalment, cause?

A

‘Burr tongue’ in dogs (especially long-haired due to grooming behaviour)
- oral foreign bodies
o Can develop large granulomas resembling neoplasia

18
Q

Stomatitis (superficial)
- erosions vs ulceration
- causes
- signs
<><>
- eosinophilic (rodent) ulcer
> cause? Tx?

A
  • Erosion: damage to epithelium only
    eg. Irritants – superficial damage
  • Dieffenbachia
  • Paraquat
    <><><><>
  • Ulceration: damage to deeper connective tissue, often see raised edges
    eg. Eosinophilic (rodent) ulcer
  • Occurs on lips of cats of all ages
  • Cause unknown
  • Respond to steroids but often recur
  • Sometimes contain few eosinophils
    <><><><>
    Ptyalism – nonspecific sign of toxins, ulcers, pain, etc
19
Q

Stomatitis (superficial)
- causes of ulceration

A

o Uremia (dogs > cats) – urease-producing bacteria producing ammonia?
o Autoimmune disease (dogs – GSD predisposed)
o Adjacent periodontal disease (dogs)
o Calicivirus and felid herpesvirus-1 (cats)
o Exudative epidermitis (greasy pig disease)
o Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (cattle)

20
Q

Stomatitis (superficial)
- possible causes in cattle
- what should we do

A

o Vesicular stomatitis virus
o Bovine viral diarrhea
o Malignant catarrhal fever
o Foot and mouth disease
o Rinderpest
<><><><>
If you see mouth ulcers in a farm animal, consider it a reportable vesicular disease until proven otherwise!

20
Q

Stomatitis (superficial)
- vesicular stomatitis in ruminants, development

A
  • Vesicular stomatitis in livestock begins as vesicles and then ulcerates
21
Q

Stomatitis (superficial): Thrush
- what is it
- what animals
- appearance

A

Thrush (pigs, dogs, foals)
o Yeast proliferate in parakeratotic epithelium
o Grey pseudomembranes cover mucosa, can affect esophagus

22
Q

Chronic gingivostomatitis-lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis
- species
- signalment
- cause
- cells included

A

(cats)
o Likely multifactorial disease of older cats
o Variable numbers of plasma cells, polyclonal gammopathy

23
Q

Stomatitis (deep)
- general progression
- possible consequences

A
  • Often begin as superficial lesions allowing bacterial entry
  • May progress to cellulitis, abscesses
24
Q

Stomatitis (deep)
- Main cause of necrotic stomatitis in animals
> bacterial character, culture-ability
- presentation
- secondary to what in sheep? consequence?

A
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum
    o Main cause of necrotic stomatitis in animals
    o Strict anaerobe – hard to culture
    o Opportunistic, produces multiple toxins and multiple clinical
    presentations
    o Secondary to orf in sheep, can cause fatal septicemia in lambs
25
Q

Calf diphtheria
- what is it
- agent
- lesions
- consequences
- predispositions

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
o Calf diphtheria (necrotic laryngitis): dry, raised, necrotic lesions which may slough
o Can cause asphyxia if lesions form on the larynx
o Trauma, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and papular stomatitis predispose

26
Q

Stomatitis (deep); Actinobacillus ligniersii
- what disease, species
- introduced via?
- lesions
- spread through body?

A
  • Actinobacillus ligniersii
    o ‘Wooden tongue’ of cattle
    o Introduced via trauma
    o Pyogranulomatous lesions with sulfur granules
    o Unlike Actinomyces spp., spreads through soft tissue o Firm due to fibrosis, spreads along lymphatics
27
Q

Stomatitis (deep); Actinomyces bovis
- what disease
- lesions

A

o ‘Lumpy jaw’ in cattle (and other herbivores) o Pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis

28
Q

Tonsils
- importance for infectious disease processes
- often harbour what type of bacteria
- in dogs, a common site for what?

A
  • Important site of pathogen replication – valuable to sample if suspect infectious disease!
  • Often harbour opportunistic pathogens (ex. Erysipelas rhusiopathiae)
  • Neoplasia relatively common in dogs
29
Q

acute damage to salivary gland can lead to

A

hypersecretion, necrosis, edema, inflammation

30
Q

chronic damage to salivary gland can lead to

A

atrophy, fibrosis, obstruction, squamous metaplasia

31
Q

Salivary neoplasms
- are they common?
- type
- possible sequelae

A

Salivary neoplasms: most common lesion in carnivores but rare in all species
o Usually carcinomas, more aggressive in cats
o If produce mucus and rupture, can provoke granulomatous inflammation

32
Q

Sialoadenitis
- common?
- causes?

A
  • rare, second to neoplasia in frequency
    o Viral (ex. rabies), ascending infection, rare autoimmune conditions
33
Q

> Gingival masses (not always neoplastic) are
common in ___, not as much in other species

> Gingiva can proliferate a lot in response to
_____

A
  • dogs
  • inflammation
34
Q

Fibrous hyperplasia in mouth
- species?
- appearance
- cells
- associations
- causes

A

common in dogs, focal or diffuse, plasma cells in stroma
o Nonpainful, may be associated with periodontal disease
o Familial diffuse form in boxers, also can be drug- induced

35
Q

Ranula
- what is this

A
  • Ranula: cystic distention of salivary duct along the base of the tongue
    o Lined by epithelium, contains thick mucus or serous fluid
36
Q

Sialocele
- what is this, origins
- anatomic location

A
  • Sialocele: salivary secretion accumulates in cavities not lined by epithelium, suspected to be due to duct trauma
    o Can be under the tongue or elsewhere
37
Q

Oral papillomatosis
- what are these
- viral causes in dogs and calves
- appearance
- problematic?
- possible progression

A

Oral papillomatosis: benign epithelial tumours (warts)
o Canine papillomavirus-1 in young dogs, bovine papillomavirus-4 in calves
o Cauliflower-like proliferative grey growths on lips, gingiva, tongue, palate, etc
o Usually a cosmetic problem only, may bleed if traumatized
o Spontaneous regression and antibody-mediated immunity to reinfection
o Persistent infection if immunocompromised, malignant transformation rare

38
Q
  • The oral and pharyngeal mucosa is a common site of neoplasia in dogs and cats
  • what proportion of tumors in dogs and cats?
  • age?
  • but maybe its not really?!
A

o 6% of all tumours in dogs, 7% in cats, usually older animals (6-8 years)
o But is this just because the mouth is easiest to see???
o Higher risk in males than females?

3. Sys Path (28 decks)

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