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3. Sys Path > C23 pt 2 > Flashcards

C23 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes
- SA ascarids mostly in what age?
- lesions due to?
- heavy adult burden issues?
- can cause what signs, generally?
- how heavy can a puppy burden be?
- sometimes enter what anatomic structures?

A
  • Small animal ascarids mostly affect young animals and lesions are due to larval migration
  • Heavy adult burdens can cause obstruction or rupture and ill thrift (especially in
    transplacentally infected puppies)
  • Can cause weakness, vomiting, pot belly, sometimes death (rare in cats)
    <><>
  • Up to 20% of body weight in heavily infected pups can be worms!
  • Sometimes can enter the biliary or pancreatic ducts
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2
Q

Nematodes
* Toxocara canis
- size
- transmission? most important route?
- life cycle & pathology
- humans?

A

o Adults up to 10 cm long
o 4 routes of transmission: ingestion of eggs in feces or larvae in paratenic host, vertical via transmammary or transplacental (most important)
o Similar life cycle and pathology to A. suum, but in adult dogs migrating larvae disseminate and encyst in tissues (prone to ocular migrans)
o Mobilize in pregnant bitch to cross placenta and enter mammary glands
o Zoonotic (larval migrans from eggs in soil or larvae in undercooked meat)

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3
Q

Nematodes
* Toxocara cati
- size
- routes of transmission? most important?
> which one not present
- difference in larval behaviour depending on?

A

o Adults up to 18 cm long
o Ingestion of eggs or paratenic hosts most important routes of infection
o Transmammary possible, NO transplacental transmission
o Larvae from ingested eggs migrate, those from milk or paratenic hosts remain in the gut

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4
Q

Nematodes
* Toxascaris leonina
- species
- life cycle
- disease? development?

A
  • cats and dogs
    o Direct life cycle, can use paratenic hosts
    o Rarely causes disease, larvae develop in gut wall and return to lumen
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5
Q

Nematodes
* Baylisascaris procyonis
- species
- humans?
- environmental survival?

A
  • raccoons
    o Larval migrans in accidental hosts including humans (ocular, neural)
    o Dogs can act as definitive hosts
    o Hardy eggs – difficult to remove from environment
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6
Q

Nematodes
* Trichuris spp.
- what are they? shape?
- anatomic location? species?
- hosts and agents?
- life cycle
- feeding?
- pathology?
- eggs & adult appearance (male vs female?)

A

o Narrow anterior embedded in mucosa and thick posterior protruding – ‘whipworms’
o Infect cecum and sometimes colon (heavy infection) of all species except horses
o Each host species has its own Trichuris species, direct life cycles with no migration
o Ingest blood but don’t usually cause anemia, light infections are incidental
o Heavy infections cause severe fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis, chronic diarrhea
o Worms are visible grossly and their appearance (and that of eggs) is characteristic
<><>
- Football-shaped orange egg with 2 opercula
- males have a curly tail

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7
Q

Nematodes
* Draschia spp. and Habronema spp.
- size
- intermediate host, life strategy
- anatomic location
- lesions
- clinical relevance
<>
- when do they cause a bigger problem?

A

o 1-2 cm long gastric nematodes
o Fly intermediate host, larvae exit via the proboscis when flies feed on secretions
o Habronema spp. live on the mucosal surface (no lesions)
o Draschia spp. burrow and form large caseous nodules resembling neoplasia
o Limited clinical effect, but can abscess or perforate if secondary infection
<><>
- Bigger problem: deposition of larvae in wounds, conjunctiva, or urogenital mucosa
- Intense granulomatous response
- Attracts more flies = self-propagating

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8
Q

Cestodes
- where do adults live? significance?
- how they feed
- sex
- life cycle pattern
- pathogenicity

A
  • Adults live in the GI tract and are generally of limited clinical significance
    o No gut, nutrients are absorbed directly from ingesta through the integument
    o Hermaphroditic
  • Life cycles vary but follow a similar basic pattern
    <><>
  • Usually a predator-prey cycle (except herbivores and forage mites – accidental ingestion)
  • Definitive host infected by ingesting larvae in intermediate or paratenic host
  • Some cycles have accidental hosts (ex. humans)
  • Larval cestodes can cause disease or losses due to condemnation in intermediate hosts
    <><>
    Example life cycle:
    1. eggs or gravid proglottids in feces passed into environment
    2. cattle (T. saginata) and pigs (T. solium) become infected by eggs or gravid proglottids
    3. oncospheres hatch, penetrate intestinal wall, and circulate to musculature
    > oncospheres develop into cysticerci in muscle
    4. humans infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat
    5. scolex attaches to intestine
    6. adults in small intestine
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9
Q

Cestodes
* Moniezia expansa
- species, how common
- intermediate host
- signs?

A
  • sheep, cattle
    o Most common tapeworm of ruminants
    o Oribatid mites act as intermediate host
    o Generally subclinical but heavy infections can
    cause diarrhea, ill thrift, rarely obstruction
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10
Q

Cestodes
* Anoplocephala perfoliata
- species
- IH
- heavy infection associated with what signs

A

o Attaches to ileocecal junction, oribatid mite
intermediate host
o Heavy infection associated with ulcers,
spasmodic colic, ileal muscular hypertrophy, cecocolic intussusception

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11
Q

Cestodes
* Taeniid tapeworms
- are they important? why?
- larva development
- hydatid cyst properties
- reportable?

A

o The most important family of cestodes due to lesions in intermediate hosts
o Larvae often develop to fluid-filled bladders in liver, peritoneum, muscle
o Morphology of immature forms varies
o Echinococcus spp. hydatid cysts can produce more cysts if they rupture and release protoscolices
o Alveolar hydatid cysts can spread metastatically without rupturing
<><>
REPORTABLE in pigs (T. solium) and cattle (T. saginata)

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12
Q

Cestodes
T. taeniaformis
- definitive host
- intermediate host
- pathology
- size

A

definitive host: cat
intermediate host: rodent
<>
- Can cause hepatic fibrosarcoma in intermediate host
- Adults up to 60 cm long

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13
Q

Cestodes
T. pisciformis
- definitive host
- intermediate host
- pathology

A

Definitive host: Dog
Intermediate host: Rabbit
<>
- Hemorrhagic tracts and scarring in intermediate host’s liver

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14
Q

Cestodes
T. hydatigena
- definitive host
- intermediate host
- pathology

A

Definitive host: Dog
Intermediate host: Ruminant
<>
- Larvae produce hemorrhagic tracts in liver resembling flukes
- Heavy infection: exsanguination or black disease (see liver lectures)
- Mature cysts up to 5 cm anywhere in peritoneum, lead to condemnation

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15
Q

Cestodes
T. ovis
- definitive host
- intermediate host
- pathology
- immature stages look like?

A

Definitive host: Dog
Intermediate host: Sheep
<>
- Lesions in sheep muscle called ‘sheep measles’
- Immature stages resemble those of beef (T. sagninata) and pork (T. solium) tapeworms

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16
Q

Cestodes
T. multiceps
- definitive host
- intermediate host
- pathology

A

Definitive host: Canid
Intermediate host: Ruminant
<>
- Cysts in brain and spinal cord
- CNS disease due to 4-5 cm cysts compressing brain, called ‘gid’

17
Q

Cestodes
* Echinococcus spp.
- adults in what species?
- biggest issue?

A

o Adults mostly in canids, intermediate hydatid cysts common in some regions
o Zoonotic potential makes this a serious health problem in endemic areas

18
Q

Cestodes
* E. granulosus
- adult size, signs
- cyst morphology, location, symptoms
- cysts can look like?
- possible IH?
<>
- domestic cycle?
- sylvatic cycle?

A

o Adults are tiny (up to 7 mm long), often heavy burdens with no signs
o Cysts 5-10 cm diameter but highly variable, contain hydatid sand (protoscolices)
o Cysts most common in liver and lung, usually asymptomatic but dependent on cyst
location (ex. heart = problem)
o Degenerating cysts can resemble tuberculous lesions
o Horses, cattle, pigs, camelids, humans can act as intermediate hosts too
<><><><>
Dog <> Sheep
Wolf <> wild ungulate

19
Q

Cestodes
* E. multilocularis
- distribution, adults?
- cysts where?
- pathology
- hosts?

A

o Distribution spreading, adults similar to E. granulosus
o Cysts mostly infect the liver and bud externally to infiltrate surrounding tissues o Can metastasize via bloodstream or implant on peritoneum
o Dogs can act as definitive and intermediate hosts!
<><>
- Multiple cases in boxers – predisposed?
- Sylvatic cycle: fox <> rodent

20
Q

Trematodes
- common? egg?
- hosts?

A
  • Uncommon, all produce characteristic eggs
  • Golden colour Operculum
  • cats and dogs (and others) are definitive hosts, various intermediate
21
Q

Trematodes
* Alaria spp.
- size
- pathology
- signs
- IH

A

o Tiny (up to 5 mm), so you must look carefully to see them!
o Sometimes causes enteritis, attaches via suckers and causes local irritation
o Excess mucus, hemorrhagic enteritis, vomiting, ill thrift
<>
IH - frog

22
Q

Trematodes
* Nanophyetus salmincola
- hosts?
- vector for?
- signs? lesions?
- prognosis

A

o Also infects other fish-eating mammals and birds, seen around Vancouver
o Vector of Neorickettsia helminthoeca (salmon poisoning)
o Pyrexia, anorexia, depression, weakness, weight loss, diarrhea with tenesmus
o Enlargement of lymphoid tissues including Peyer’s patches, SI intussusception
o Salmon poisoning is usually fatal if untreated
<>
watch for in dogs, cats
- IHs; snails and salmon in life cycle

23
Q

Arthropods
* Gasterophilus spp. (mostly G. intestinalis)
- species?
- life cycle
- feeding
- lesions? significance?

A
  • Horse
    o Eggs deposited on hairs, hatch when licked/exposed to warmth and moisture
    o Larvae migrate through oral mucosa, moult, emerge, and are swallowed
    o They attach to the stomach mucosa along the margo plicatus
    o Feed on blood and exudate, causing small ulcers (not clinically significant)
    o Pass into feces to pupate when mature
24
Q

Apicomplexans
- what are they
- general life cycle

A

Intracellular organisms with apical complex of organelles at one end
<><><><>
- Oocysts often sporulate outside the host
> Sporozoites released and infect enterocytes
> 1+ rounds of asexual replication
> Merozoites reinfect cells and become sexual stages (gamonts)
> Some heteroxenous – sexual stages in carnivore gut, asexual in herbivore tissues (predator-prey)
> Many homoxenous (one host)

25
Q

Apicomplexans - Coccidiosis
- host and tissue specificity?
- virulence depends on?
> pathology
> when is disease seen?
> stages associated with pathology
> disease
<>
- cause of what in livestock
- who is most prone
- immunity?

A
  • Species are usually host- and tissue-specific
    <><>
  • Virulence depends on location, type of cell infected, and host reaction
    o Infected cells may lose function, hypertrophy, die prematurely, undergo necrosis, etc
    o Many species are not pathogenic – disease is mostly seen in intensive management
    o Sexual stages most associated with inflammation but asexual stages can also cause pathology in species with intermediate hosts
    o Malabsorption due to villus atrophy, anemia/hypoproteinemia and dehydration due to epithelial damage and exudation
    <><>
  • In livestock, major cause of losses (morbidity, mortality, loss of productivity, treatment, prevention) but not a major issue in dogs, cats, or horses
    o Naïve young animals exposed to high challenge are especially prone
    o Immunity can develop but isn’t complete and can wane at times (ex. periparturient)
26
Q

Apicomplexans - Coccidiosis in cattle
- most serious ones
- age group for dz
- environment
- morbidity, mortality
- lesions
- outcomes
- can we see them?
- signs
<>
- Dx, histology
- Ddx

A
  • Many species, coinfections common but pathology varies
    o Most serious are Eimeria bovis and E. zuernii, others cause diarrhea but not death
    <><>
  • Disease mostly in calves <1 year old, especially feedlots with poor sanitation
    o Outbreaks associated with stress, high morbidity and low mortality
    o Lesions mostly in the cecum and colon (fibrinohemorrhagic typhlocolitis)
    o Usually self-limiting but can cause death before patency in heavy infection
    o Early schizonts may be large enough to see (white spots)
    <><>
  • Diarrhea with tenesmus > may cause rectal prolapse
  • Loads of coccidia on histology – mucosal scrapes helpful for diagnosis
  • Dehydration, hyponatremia, sometimes anemia
    <><>
    Differentials:
    Salmonella
    BVD
    Rinderpest
    MCF
    Adenovirus
27
Q

Apicomplexans - Coccidiosis in goats and sheep
- what species? cross infections?
- age? environment?
- morbidity, mortality
- where are lesions? signs?
<>
- Dx
- Ddx

A
  • Many species infect each host, but cross-infections are uncommon
    <><>
    Sheep:
  • E. crandallis
  • E. ovinoidalis
    <>
    Goats:
  • E. ninakohlyakimovae
    <><>
  • Seen in youngstock under intensive management and pastured lambs brought to feedlots
    o Moderate morbidity and low mortality, clinical signs may occur before patency
    o Lesions mostly in lower GI tract, causes watery diarrhea +/- blood, weight loss
    <><>
  • Pseudoadenomatous polyps: raised white spots due to hypertrophic crypts and villi infected with sexual stages
  • Resistant to postmortem sloughing
    <><>
    Confirm via mucosal scrapings, but must correlate with clinical signs!
    <><>
    Differential: Nematodes (often concurrent!)
28
Q

Apicomplexans - Coccidiosis in swine
- most important? dz?
- age
- PPP allows what?
- morbidity, mortality, signs
- severity depends on?
- pathology, outcomes
- symptoms
- recovery, immunity?
- Dx

A
  • Multiple species but Isospora suis most important – porcine neonatal coccidiosis
  • Disease seen in intensively managed pigs between 5 days and 3 weeks old
    o Short prepatent period (5 days) and rapid sporulation allow quick buildup
    o High morbidity, variable but usually low mortality, undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea
    o Severity inversely related to age (faster healing) and directly related to dose
    o Infects distal villi of SI, lysing infected cells (exudation and malabsorption)
    o Poor growth, dehydration, watery yellow diarrhea, still nurse but may vomit
    o Recovery provides protective immunity
    <><>
  • Small pigs = more prone to dehydration
  • Confirm via mucosal scrape
29
Q

Apicomplexans - Coccidiosis of the horse
* Eimeria leukarti
- age, significance
- pathology

A

o Most common in foals, usually incidental
o Giant gamonts cause host cell hypertrophy

30
Q

Apicomplexans - Coccidiosis
* Cystoisospora spp.
- hosts
- how to get infected?
- where to replicate
- dz presentation, age, environment
- anatomic location
- Ddx

A
  • DH: Cats, dogs; IH: rodents
    > direct or indirect LC
    o Infected by ingesting sporocysts in feces or intermediate host
    o Both sexual and asexual replication occur in the carnivore gut
    o Disease rare and nonfatal (young animals in crowded/contaminated areas) o Mostly affects SI, main differentials rotavirus and coronavirus
31
Q

Apicomplexans - Cryptosporidiosis
- infects what cells
- where do life stages occur?
- zoonotic types?
<>
- oocyst types? purpose?
<>
- pathology and signs?
<><>
- snake problem

A
  • Infects enterocytes in mammals and respiratory epithelium in birds
    o All stages occur in an extracytoplasmic apical vacuole (distal SI)
  • 5 species in domestic animals, all potentially zoonotic, but C. parvum most common
    <><>
  • Tiny, 2 types of oocysts
    o Thin walled: can break to allow autoinfection (and very heavy burdens)
    o Thick walled: survive environment to infect other hosts
    <><>
  • Tiny, superficial organisms
  • Cause villus atrophy and malabsorptive diarrhea
  • Often coinfections with other pathogens
    <><><><>
    Snakes:
  • Gastric cryptosporidiosis: Progressive destruction of gastric glands leads to regurgitation of meals
    > Often fatal
32
Q

Apicomplexans - Cryptosporidiosis in cattle, sheep
- age? immunity?
- location in immunocompromised
<>
Cattle signs, age, rule outs
<>
sheep age for signs

A
  • Neonates most prone, gradually eliminated by immune response
    o Immunocompromised animals can have them anywhere in the GI tract
    <><>
    calves:
  • Important cause of undifferentiated diarrhea
  • Clinical signs at 1-4 weeks old
  • Rule out coronavirus, rotavirus
    <><>
    Lambs:
  • Clinical signs at 5-14 days old
33
Q

Apicomplexans of carnivores
* Toxoplasmosis
- life cycle
- shedding

A
  • toxoplasma shed by cat for <2 weeks after infection
    > usually only once in lifetime
  • optional: oocysts can infect felids
  • option 2: oocysts in environment
    <><><><>
    > minimum of 24 hours for oocysts shed in feces to become infective for people
  • eaten by livestock > toxoplasmosis present for life
    > humans eat livestock > ‘end-stage’ intermediate hosts
  • Almost any mammal or bird can be a host
  • eaten by IH rodent
    > rodent eaten by cat, definitive host
34
Q

Apicomplexans of carnivores
* Toxoplasmosis
- species
- pathology and signs in kittens
- shedding
- immunocompromised cats? IH?
- life stages in cats?
- systemic dz?

A

o Cats most commonly and efficiently
infected by intermediate hosts
o Heavily infected kittens will have
villus atrophy and diarrhea
o Immunosuppression can lead to
recurrent shedding of oocysts
o Cats can also be intermediate hosts,
with occasional systemic disease in
young and immunocompromised
o Both sexual and asexual stages can be
present in the same cat
o Cytokines in systemic disease increase
susceptibility to other diseases

35
Q

Apicomplexans of carnivores
* Neosporosis
- life cycle
- transmission

A
  • unsporulated oocyst in canine feces
    > spolulates
    > eaten by cattle, IH > tachyzoites
    > bradyzoites in infected meat
    > consumed by canine, DH
  • transplacental transmission also possible
    <><><>
  • Cow IH can pass through placenta > vertical transmission
    > congenitally infected calf, or
    > 90+ days gestation, aborted calf
    > can repeat from same dam
36
Q

Apicomplexans of carnivores
* Neosporosis
- IH? dz?
- disease in dogs? age?
- immunocompetence dz?
- lesions
- Dx

A

o Cattle and deer are intermediate hosts
(CNS disease and abortion)
o In dogs, fatal systemic and CNS disease
most common in >5 week old puppies
o Disease seen in immunocompetent dogs
o Lesions are similar to toxoplasmosis,
including subclinical infections
o Confirm with IHC or PCR

37
Q

Flagellates
* Giardia duodenalis (mammals)
- host specificity?
- anatomic location
- replication
- shedding, life cycle
- symptoms and signs
<>
- appearance

A

o Every animal kingdom has its own species
o Lives on SI mucosal surface, replicates by binary fission
o Resistant cysts shed in feces
o Usually asymptomatic, sometimes chronic intermittent
diarrhea in young dogs and cats (diagnosis of exclusion)
o Impairs fat absorption -> steatorrhea, poor growth
<>
- Binucleate, Pyriform (teardrop) trophozoite with attachment disc

38
Q

Flagellates
* Tritrichomonas foetus
- anatomic location
- species, age, signs
- Tx?

A

o lives on mucosal surface but hard to find
o Colitis and LI diarrhea in cats <1 year old
o Hard to treat

3. Sys Path (28 decks)

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