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gsce biology > co-ordination and control 2.80, 2.82, 2.87, 2.88, 2.89, 2.90, 2.91, 2.92, 2.94, 2.86, 2.83, 2.84, 2.85, 2.81, 2.93, 2.78B, 2.72B, 2.95B > Flashcards

co-ordination and control 2.80, 2.82, 2.87, 2.88, 2.89, 2.90, 2.91, 2.92, 2.94, 2.86, 2.83, 2.84, 2.85, 2.81, 2.93, 2.78B, 2.72B, 2.95B Flashcards

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1
Q

what does coordinated mean?

A

means that the body is able to make things happen in different parts of the body at the right time.

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2
Q

which two organ systems help the body be coordinated?

A

the nervous system
endocrine (hormone) system

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3
Q

what three things do a coordinated response require?

A

stimulus
receptor
effector

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4
Q

what’s a stimulus?

A

change in the animal’s surroundings
e.g. a ball is thrown towards you

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5
Q

what’s a receptor?

A

the organ that detects the change
e.g your eye

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6
Q

what’s an effector?

A

muscles are the effectors
e.g contract as you catch the ball

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7
Q

how is a link made between the stimulus and response?

A

nervous or endocrine system

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8
Q

what happens when our receptors detect the stimulus?

A

they change its energy into nerve impulses.
e.g eye, turns light into nerve impulse
ear, turns sound into nerve impulse
and so on

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9
Q

what is the CNS?
central nervous system

A

consists of the brain, spinal cord.
CNS coordinates all the nervous responses like moving or reflexes

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10
Q

what’s the peripheral nervous system?

A

peripheral nervous system contains all of the other nerves which send impulses to the effectors.

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11
Q

what are the three types of neurones?

A

sensory, relay and motor

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12
Q

what order are the impulses sent via the neurones?

A

impulses from receptor pass along
sensory neurons
until they reach the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
impulses are passed to
relay neurons
in the central nervous system.
impulses then passed along motor neurons
REMEMBERTO MENTION SYNAPSES

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13
Q

structure of motor neuron:
nucleus

A

end of cell body
contains all genetic information of cell

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14
Q

structure of motor neuron:
dendrite

A

tree like projections that connect to different neurones
one neurone can connect to many other neurones

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15
Q

structure of motor neuron:
cell body

A

main section of cell, containing nucleus

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16
Q

structure of motor neuron:
axon

A

long section, electrical impulses travel long distances through the axon

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17
Q

structure of motor neuron:
myelin sheath

A

insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses

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18
Q

what are reflexes?

A

reflexes are automated
do not involve brain
very fast actions, involving the three neurones: sensory, relay, motor
movement of the impulse from receptor to effector is reflex arc

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19
Q

what is the reflex arc?

A

movement of the impulse from receptor to effector

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20
Q

what’s the steps involved in the reflex arc?

A

receptors detect the stimulus
send an impulse along sensory neurone
sensory neurone passes the impulse to spinal cord to a relay neurone
relay neurone passes impulse to motor neurone
motor neurons causes the effect to contract and avoid stimulus

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21
Q

what’s the gap between neurones called?

A

synapse

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22
Q

how do the synapses work?

A

electrical impulse travels along axon
triggering the nerve ending of a neurone to release chemical messagers called neurone transmitters
chemicals diffuse across gap and bind with receptor molecules of the membrane of next neurons
receptor molecules on second neuron hind to specific chemicals stimulating the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse

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23
Q

what type of organ is the eye?

A

sensory organ, which detects light and sends impulses to the brain which converts info into image

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24
Q

structure of eye:
cornea

A

a curved transparent disc at front of eye, convex (already bends some of the light)
does the focusing

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25
Q

structure of eye:
pupil

A

circular opening, size is controlled by the iris

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26
Q

structure of eye:
iris

A

ring of muscles with a hole in the middle (pupil)
iris controls how much light enters eye

27
Q

structure of eye:
lens

A

soft, flexible and transparent
shape can be changed to focus light onto retina

28
Q

structure of eye:
ciliary muscles

A

ring of muscles at the edge of eye which circles the lense
when muscles contract lense fattens
when muscles relax lens gets thinner

29
Q

structure of eye:
suspensory ligament

A

strong fibres which attach the lens to ciliary muscle

30
Q

structure of eye:
retina

A

constrains light sensitive cells called rod and cone cells

31
Q

structure of eye:
optic nerve

A

contests of neurones which carry impulses from the retina to the brain

32
Q

structure of eye:
fovea

A

region of retina with the greatest number of cone cells

33
Q

structure of eye:
conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that covers eye to prevent infection

34
Q

iris reflex:
dim light

A

radical muscles contract
circular muscles relax
making iris narrow and pupil dilate

35
Q

iris reflex:
bright light

A

radical muscles relax
circular muscles contract
making iris wider and pupil constrict

36
Q

what detects light intensity?

A

retina and the effectors are the muscles in the iris

37
Q

what are the changes in the eye that allow us to see objects at different distances called?

A

accommodation

38
Q

focusing on an object far away:

A

light rays entering eye are parallel so when they reach cornea the lens does not need to refract them much to focus light into retina

  • relax ciliary muscles
  • suspensory ligaments are tight
  • lens is thin and has less of a convex shape
  • less refraction of light
39
Q

focusing on objects close up:

A

light rays entering eye are diverging so the lens needs to refract them much to focus light into retina

  • contract ciliary muscles
  • suspensory ligaments are slack
  • lens is thick and has more of a convex shape
  • more refraction of light
40
Q

what’s the endocrine system?

A

system that uses hormones that are released into the blood stream via glands

41
Q

the differences between endocrine system and nervous system:

A

endocrine:
slow (expect adrenaline)
chemical message
send via blood
only target cells respond even though message is sent throughout body
controls long term processes like reproduction and growth

nervous:
fast
electrical impulses
sent along neurones
sent directly to a muscle or gland
used when a fast response is needed

42
Q

hormone, gland and function of insulin:

A

gland - pancreas
hormone - insulin
function - causes liver and muscles to take up glucose and convert to glycogen for storage
- controls level of sugar in the blood

43
Q

hormone, gland and function of ADH:

A

gland - pituitary gland
hormone - ADH
function - reduces amount of water loss in urine

44
Q

hormone, gland and function of oestrogen:

A

gland - ovaries
hormone - oestrogen
function - stimulates uterus lining to develop
- secondary female characteristics
- stimulates release of LH and inhibits release of FSH

45
Q

hormone, gland and function of progesterone :

A

gland - ovaries
hormone - progesterone
function - maintains uterus lining
- secondary female characteristics

46
Q

hormone, gland and function of testosterone :

A

gland - testes
hormone - testosterone
function - male secondary sexual characteristics

47
Q

hormone, gland and function of adrenaline :

A

gland - adrenal gland (near top of kidneys)
hormone - adrenaline
function - increase heart and breathing rate for fight or flight

48
Q

hormone, gland and function of FSH:

A

gland - pituitary gland
hormone - FSH
function - stimulates growth of egg in follicle

49
Q

hormone, gland and function of LH:

A

gland - pituitary gland
hormone - LH
function - stimulates release of egg from ovary

50
Q

what’s homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment for example body water content and tissue fluid

51
Q

what controls the temperature of blood?

A

hypothalamus in the brain
thermoregulation

  • sweating
  • shivering
  • controlling heat loss by controlling amount of water that flows near the surface of the skin
52
Q

how do hair on skin help thermoregulate?

A

hair stands on end - traps layer of air, like a seal providing insulation as air is an insulator so heat cannot be conducted
less heat lost

53
Q

how does sweat help thermoregulate?

A

more sweat released - sweat isn’t cold, sweat secreted at normal body temperature, sweat evaporates, heat energy taken away from skin as evaporation of water requires energy
more heat lost

54
Q

how do vasodilation and vasoconstriction help thermoregulate?

A

vasoconstriction - arteriolar supply the capillaries near the surface of the skin get narrow and constrict. less blood will flow through capillaries near the surface of skin so less heat will be lost by radiation

vasodilation - arterioles supply the capillaries near the surface of the skin get wider, dilating meaning more blood will flow through capillaries near the surface of the skin therefore more heat will be lost via radiation

55
Q

what’s osmoregulation?

A

the regulation of the volume of water in body fluids by the use of the hormone ADH

56
Q

osmoregulation
how it works:

A

water levels can be changed by adjusting the permeability of the collecting duct in the nephron (kidney)
the hormone ADH controls the water levels
hypothalamus monitors the level of water in blood , tells pituitary gland to release/ not release ADH
collecting duct is surrounded by capillaries so ADH diffuses out of blood and binds with receptors of the the collecting duct cells and make the wall more permeable to water
more water is reabsorbed

57
Q

what are tropisms?

A

plants response to a stimulus, where plant grows towards a directional stimulus

58
Q

what’s phototropism?

A

growth responses to light
growth towards light is a positive phototropism
hormone auxin, controls the growth, found at top of the stem
auxin diffuse down the shoot causing elongation
auxin builds up on the shaded side of stem causing cells to elongate more and the shoot bends towards light

59
Q

what’s geotropism?

A

growth towards or away gravity
roots are positively geotropic

60
Q

what does adrenaline cause?

A

dilates pupil in the eye, more aware of surroundings, takes in more information and light

increase heart rate, increase blood flow of oxygen and glucose to prepare body for physical activity and more respiration

narrows arteries in intestine, causing butterflies as it directs blood to a more important function like respiration, muscles, requirement of breaking food down is less when in danger

glycogen converted in to glucose in the liver as glycogen is stored energy and turns it into a usable form of energy for atp and respiration and so on

contract muscles more to get away from danger

61
Q

which neurone has its nucleus and cell body in the middle?

A

sensory neurone

62
Q

which neurone has its nucleus and cell body in the middle but doesn’t have an axon?

A

relay

63
Q

which neurone has its nucleus and cell body in the end?

A

motor

gsce biology (28 decks)

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