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gsce biology > circulation - transport in animals 2.59, 2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63B, 2.69, 2.65, 2.66, 2.68, 2.64B, 2.67, 2.49 > Flashcards

circulation - transport in animals 2.59, 2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63B, 2.69, 2.65, 2.66, 2.68, 2.64B, 2.67, 2.49 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the circulatory system need to function?

A

blood
heart
blood vessles

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2
Q

what’s the blood vessel that goes from the lungs to the heart?

A

pulmonary vein

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3
Q

whats the blood vessel that goes out the heart?

A

aorta

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4
Q

whats the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the liver?

A

hepatic artery

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5
Q

what’s the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the gut?

A

mesenteric artery

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6
Q

what’s the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the kidneys?

A

renal artery

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7
Q

what’s the blood vessel that goes from the kidneys to the heart?

A

renal vein

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8
Q

what’s the blood vessel that goes from the gut to the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

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9
Q

what’s the blood vessel that goes from the liver to the heart?

A

hepatic vein

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10
Q

what’s the blood vessel that goes to the heart?

A

vena cava

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11
Q

what’s the blood vessel that goes from the heart to the lungs?

A

pulmonary artery

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12
Q

what type of circulation do humans have?

A

double circulation

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13
Q

when labelling the heart remember:

A

it is mirrored
our right is the left
our left is the right

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14
Q

two things about the atrium:

A

top of heart
thin muscular walls

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15
Q

two things about the ventricle:

A

below the atrium
thicker muscular walls (the left ventricle is the thickest to pump blood at higher pressures so blood can travel around whole body)

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16
Q

is the right side of the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

deoxygenated - pumps blood to the lungs

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17
Q

is the left side of the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

oxygenated - pumps blood to the body

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18
Q

how does the heart pump blood?

A

atrium contracts emptying blood into the ventricles
ventricles then contract pushing blood into arteries
valves close to ensure blood flows in right direction

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19
Q

how does exercise affect heart rate?

A

if we exercise our muscles need more glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration therefore the heart rate increases so more blood travels to muscles

20
Q

what happens to our bodies when our heart rate increases due to exercise?

A
  • muscles produce more carbon dioxide in aerobic respiration
  • sensors in aorta and carotid artery detect this increase
  • send nerve impulses to the medulla
  • medulla responds by sending nerve impulses along the accelerator nerve
  • accelerator nerve increases heart rate
  • blood is supplied to muscles to meet the demands of increased aerobic respiration
21
Q

what happens when we are scared or angry?

A

heart rate increases
triggered by the secretion of the hormone adrenaline

22
Q

what direction do arteries carry blood?

A

away from the heart

23
Q

what direction do veins carry blood?

A

into the heart

24
Q

what’s the structure and function of arteries?

A

thick outer wall - can transport blood at high pressure
thick layer of elastic tissue - allows artery to stretch and recoil to keep blood flowing at high pressure
thick layer of muscular tissue - helps control flow of blood by widening and narrowing
small lumen

25
Q

what’s the structure and function of veins?

A

thin outer wall - blood is flowing at low pressure so a thick wall is not needed
thin layer of muscle and elastic tissue - wall can contract and keep blood flowing
semilunar valves - prevents blood flowing backwards
large lumen

26
Q

what’s the structure and function of capillaries?

A

wall is one cell thick - short distance of diffusion of substances from blood into tissues
very small lumen

27
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

coronary arteries supply the heart with blood that contains glucose and oxygen which is needed for aerobic respiration and the removal of carbon dioxide
if you have fatty deposits build up the artery walls
the fatty deposits narrow the lumen, therefore, restricting blood flow to heart muscle cells
in result, heart muscles receive less oxygen and aerobic respiration decreases and anaerobic respiration increases
lactic acid will build up causing heart attacks

28
Q

what are some risk factors that make coronary heart disease more likely?

A

diet - eating saturated fat increases blood cholesterol and increases the risk of fatty deposits
smoking - increases blood pressure and increases fatty deposits forming
high blood pressure - damages artery lining
obesity - increase blood pressure and poor diet
lack of exercise - high blood pressure

29
Q

which part of the brain controls heart rate?

A

changes in heart rate are controlled by nerve impulses from the medulla

30
Q

what does blood contain?

A

plasma
red blood cells
platelets
phagocytes (white blood cells)
lymphocytes (white blood cells)

31
Q

what is the plasma?

A

straw coloured liquid
transports blood cells and many other substances including: dissolved nutrients such as glucose and amino acids: dissolved waste products including urea and carbon dioxide: hormones: proteins: heat energy

32
Q

what are the red blood cells?

A

small red cells
transport oxygen, bound to haemoglobin

33
Q

what are platelets?

A

cell fragments
release chemicals when the blood is exposed to air, which causes soluble fibrinogen to be converted to insoluble fibrin
fibrin forms a mesh which traps platelets and red blood cells this is a clot (scab)

34
Q

what are phagocytes (white blood cells)?

A

larger cells with multi-lobed nucleus
engulf and digest pathogens (microorganisms which cause diseases)

35
Q

what are lymphocytes (white blood cells)?

A

cells with a very large nucleus
make and release Y shaped proteins called antibodies, which bind to and destroy pathogens

36
Q

how are red blood cells specialised for their job?

A

rbc’s contain haemoglobin (a protein which forms with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin) - transporting oxygen to respiring cells

they have no nucleus - meaning more haemoglobin can be packed into each cell - so more oxygen can be transported

they are a biconcave shape - increasing surface area - increasing volume ratio and decreasing the distance to the centre of the cell - increasing rate of diffusion

37
Q

what is blood clotting?

A

platelets are fragments of larger cells and if platelets are exposed to oxygen they realise chemicals which start clotting process
the chemicals cause the double plasma protein fibrinogen to be changed into the insoluble fibrous protein fibrin
the fibrin forms a network of fibres across the cut which traps platelets and red blood cells
this forms a clot or scab which prevents further blood loss also preventing entry of pathogens
clots can form within blood vessels if plaques cause rbc to be broken causing heart attacks

38
Q

what do arteries do?

A

pumps the blood at high pressures

39
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

arteries branch into capillaries
carry the blood really close to cells in the body in order to exchange with them
they have permeable walls so they can diffuse in and out
they supply food and oxygen and take and waste CO2

40
Q

what do veins do?

A

blood is at a low pressure

41
Q

what is a disease?

A

a condition that prevents the body or part of it not working properly
most diseases are caused by micro-organisms (pathogens) entering the body and feeding and reproducing in it
they damage the body but excreting toxic waste substances called toxins

42
Q

how do phagocytes do their job?

A
  1. phagocyte recognises pathogen
  2. phagocyte engulfs pathogen in process known as phagocytosis
  3. the lysozymes containing enzymes move towards the pathogen
  4. enzymes break down pathogen
  5. useful materials are absorbed
  6. waste products are removed from the phagocyte
43
Q

how do lymphocytes do their job?

A
  1. lymphocytes detect pathogen’s antigens
  2. lymphocytes identifies the correct type of antibody to make, which is complementary to the pathogen’s antigen
  3. lymphocyte releases large numbers of correct antibody
  4. pathogens either clump together resulting in death or the antibodies trigger phagocytes, some pathogens can even burst
  5. lymphocytes produce cells that produce lots of antibodies very quickly if they detect the same pathogen again, these are called memory cells
44
Q

what are anti-toxins?

A

some anti bodies are specialised to combat toxins, chemicals released by the pathogen which cause cell damage

45
Q

what are memory cells and what is their role?

A
  • prevents the body being infected by the same pathogen again and again
  • lymphocytes produce memory cells, they can remain in our circulatory system for a life time
  • when body encounters same pathogen, memory cells react to the pathogen very quickly producing lots of antibodies much earlier than the first time
  • kills the pathogen before we feel ill and prevents us from being ill twice with the same pathogen
    = gained immunity
46
Q

what are vaccines and how do they link to memory cells?

A
  • the body is given a vaccine which is a dose of the pathogen
  • either dead pathogen or parts of pathogen’s cell surface = stopping pathogen from causing a disease
  • lymphocytes generate antibodies against the pathogen and more importantly make memory cells
    = vaccines give immunity

the graph shows how the second response of the lymphocytes is quicker and larger

gsce biology (28 decks)

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